Yiziphi Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zamashaja E-EV

Isingeniso

Izimoto zikagesi (EVs) sezidume kakhulu ngenxa yobungane bazo bemvelo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko kuphethiloli osetshenzisiwe. Nokho, ukuze ugcine ama-EV esebenza, abanikazi be-EV kufanele bawakhokhise njalo. Yilapho kungena khona amashaja e-EV. Amashaja e-EV angamadivayisi anikeza amandla kagesi ukushajwa kabusha amabhethri ezimoto zikagesi. Kubalulekile ukuba nokuqonda okuyisisekelo kwezingxenye zazo ukuze uqonde ukuthi amashaja e-EV asebenza kanjani. Kule bhulogi, sizohlola izingxenye eziyinhloko zamashaja e-EV nokubaluleka kwazo enqubweni yokushaja imoto kagesi.

Incazelo emfushane yamashaja e-EV

Amashaja e-EV ngamadivayisi anikezela ngogesi kumabhethri ezimoto zikagesi. Afika ngezinhlobo ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa amashaja eleveli 1, ileveli 2, kanye neleveli 3. Amashaja emoto kagesi eleveli 1 yiwona anensa kakhulu, ahlinzeka ngamandla afinyelela ku-120 wamandla ashintshayo wamanje (AC) futhi afika ku-2.4 kilowatts (kW). Amashaja eLeveli 2 ayashesha, ahlinzeka ngamandla afinyelela ku-240 volts we-AC kanye no-19 kW. Amashaja e-Level 3, awaziwa nangokuthi amashaja asheshayo e-DC, ashesha kakhulu, anikeza amandla afinyelela ku-480 volts wamanje (DC) namandla afinyelela kwangu-350 kW. Amashaja asheshayo e-DC ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza zentengiso futhi angakhokhisa ngokugcwele i-EV emizuzwini nje engama-30.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zamashaja E-EV

Ukuqonda izingxenye eziyinhloko zamashaja e-EV kubalulekile ngezizathu ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, ivumela abanikazi be-EV ukuthi bakhethe uhlobo olulungile lweshaja yezimoto zabo kanye nezidingo zokushaja. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangakwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezihlobene ngokuzethemba mayelana nomkhiqizi wemishini kagesi ethembeke kakhulu. Iphinde inike amandla abanikazi be-EV ukuthi baxazulule izinkinga zokushaja futhi benze ukunakekelwa kweshaja okubalulekile.

Okokugcina, ukuqonda izingxenye eziyinhloko zamashaja e-EV kuyadingeka ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha kwenqubo yokushaja. Ngokwazi ukuthi amashaja e-EV asebenza kanjani, abanikazi be-EV bangathatha izinyathelo zokuphepha ezidingekayo ukuze bavikele izingozi zikagesi futhi baqinisekise ukuthi inqubo yokushaja iphephile futhi isebenza kahle.

Ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi

Ukunikezwa kwamandla kungenye yezingxenye eziyinhloko zamashaja e-EV. Iguqula amandla kagesi egridi e-AC noma e-DC abe amandla kagesi afanelekile kanye namanje ukuze ashaje ibhethri le-EV. Ingxenye yokunikezwa kwamandla ngokuvamile iqukethe isiguquli, isilungisi, nokulawula ukujikeleza.

Izinhlobo Zokunikezwa kwamandla

Amashaja e-EV asebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezinto zikagesi: i-AC ne-DC. Amashaja eleveli 1 kanye neleveli 2 asebenzisa amandla kagesi e-AC, futhi aguqula amandla e-AC asuka kugridi abe ivoltheji efanelekile kanye neyamanje edingekayo ukushaja ibhethri le-EV. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amashaja eleveli 3 asebenzisa amandla kagesi e-DC, futhi aguqula amandla e-DC ane-voltage ephezulu asuka kugridi aye kuvoltheji efanelekile kanye namanje adingekayo ukuze ashaje ibhethri le-EV.

Ukubaluleka Kokuphakelwa kwamandla ngesivinini sokushaja nokusebenza kahle

Ukunikezwa kwamandla kuyingxenye ebalulekile yamashaja e-EV, njengoba kunquma isivinini sokushaja nokusebenza kahle. Ingashaja i-EV ngokushesha uma inamandla ngokwanele, kuyilapho ukunikezwa kwamandla okunamandla amancane kungase kubangele izikhathi zokushaja ezihamba kancane. Ukwengeza, ukunikezwa kwamandla kwekhwalithi ephezulu kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokushaja, iqinisekise ukuthi yonga amandla nokuthi inqubo yokushaja ibiza kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuqonda le ngxenye yamashaja e-EV kubalulekile ekukhetheni ishaja efanelekayo ye-EV kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokushaja iyasebenza futhi iyasebenza.

Isixhumi

Isixhumi siqukethe ipulaki, engena endaweni yokungena yemoto kagesi, kanye nesokhethi. Ipulaki nesokhethi kunamaphini afanayo futhi axhumeke ukwenza isekethe kagesi. Lezi zikhonkwane zingakwazi ukuphatha uchungechunge lwamagagasi aphezulu kanye nama-voltage ngaphandle kokushisisa ngokweqile noma ukubangela i-arcing kagesi.

Izinhlobo zezixhumi

Izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezixhumi ziyatholakala ukuze zishaje i-EV, ngayinye inezinzuzo kanye nokubi. Nazi ezinye ezivame kakhulu:

Uhlobo 1 (SAE J1772):Lesi sixhumi sinamaphini amahlanu, futhi ungasibona kakhulu eNyakatho Melika naseJapan. Inesilinganiso samandla aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa (afinyelela ku-16 amps), okuyenza ifanelekele izinhlelo zokushaja ezinesivinini esinesivinini esimaphakathi.

Uhlobo 2 (IEC 62196):Lolu hlobo lwesixhumi lunamaphini ayisikhombisa. IYurophu ne-Australia ziyisebenzisa kakhulu. Isekela amazinga aphezulu amandla (afinyelela ku-43 kW), okwenza ilungele ukushajwa ngokushesha.

CHAdeMO:Lesi sixhumi sisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni zokushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC futhi sivamile e-Japan. Umumo wayo oyingqayizivele “wesibhamu” ungahlinzeka ngogesi ofinyelela ku-62.5 kW wamandla.

I-CCS:I-Combined Charging System (CCS) yisixhumi esimisiwe esihlanganisa isixhumi sohlobo 2 AC namaphinikhodi amabili e-DC engeziwe. Iya ngokuya idlanga ezimotweni emhlabeni jikelele futhi isekela ukushaja okufika ku-350 kW.

Ukubaluleka kokufanisa isixhumi nemoto

Okuhambelana nohlobo lwesixhumi sokushaja kahle kwe-EV yakho kubalulekile ukuze uqinisekise ukuhambisana nokusebenza okuphephile. Ama-EV amaningi afika nesixhumi esakhelwe ngaphakathi esifanelana nezindinganiso zesifunda sawo, kodwa amanye amamodeli akuvumela ukuthi ushintshe phakathi kwezinhlobo zezixhumi usebenzisa ama-adaptha. Uma ukhetha isiteshi sokushaja, qiniseka ukuthi sinesixhumi esihambisanayo se-EV yakho. Kufanele futhi uhlole isilinganiso samandla sesixhumi nesiteshi ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi zihlangabezana nezidingo zakho zokushaja.

Ikhebula lokushaja

Ikhebula lokushajaukuxhumana phakathi kwesiteshi sokushaja kanye ne-EV. Ithwala amandla kagesi ukusuka esiteshini sokushaja kuya kubhethri le-EV. Ikhwalithi nohlobo lwekhebula lokushaja elisetshenzisiwe lingathinta isivinini nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokushaja.

Izinhlobo zezintambo zokushaja

Izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ingxenye yekhebula yokushaja ye-EV: isixhumi esinamathela ku-EV kanye nekhebula ngokwayo. Ikhebula ngokuvamile lenziwe ngezinto eziphakeme kakhulu ezifana nethusi noma i-aluminium ukuze zimelane nesisindo sama-EV ahlukahlukene. Ziyakwazi nezimo futhi kulula ukuzilawula. Izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezintambo zokushaja ziyatholakala kuma-EV, futhi uhlobo lwekhebula oludingekayo luzoncika ekwenziweni nemodeli yemoto. Izintambo zohlobo loku-1 zivame ukusetshenziswa eNyakatho Melika nase-Japan, kuyilapho izintambo zoHlobo 2 zidumile e-Europe.

Ukubaluleka kokushaja ubude bekhebula nokuvumelana nezimo

Ubude bekhebuli yokushaja nokuguquguquka kungathinta ukunethezeka nokuphepha kwenqubo yokushaja. Ikhebula elifushane lingase lilungele ukushajwa endaweni eminyene noma eqinile, kodwa kungase kudingeke ikhebula ende ukuze lishaje endaweni evulekile noma endaweni ekude. Ikhebuli evumelana nezimo kungaba lula ukuyiphatha nokuyigcina kodwa ingase ihlale isikhathi eside futhi ithambekele ekulimaleni. Ukukhetha ikhebula lokushaja elifanele izidingo zakho zokushaja ezithile kanye nemodeli ye-EV kubalulekile. Ukusebenzisa ikhebuli yokushaja engahambelani noma eyonakele kungabangela inqwaba yezingozi zokuphepha noma umonakalo embobeni yokushaja ye-EV.

Ibhodi Lokulawula

Ibhodi lokulawula liwubuchopho besiteshi sokushaja. Iphatha inqubo yokushaja futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ibhethri le-EV liphephile futhi lisebenza kahle. Ibhodi lokulawula eliklanywe kahle libalulekile ekuthembekeni nasekuphepheni kwesiteshi sokushaja. Ngokuvamile iqukethe i-microcontroller, i-voltage kanye nezinzwa zamanje, ama-relay, nezinye izakhi.

Imisebenzi yebhodi lokulawula

Ibhodi elilawulayo lenza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile eqinisekisa ukushajwa okuphephile nokusebenzayo kwezimoto zikagesi. Eminye yale misebenzi ihlanganisa:

Ukuphatha ukushaja kwamanje kanye ne-voltage:Ilawula yamanje kanye ne-voltage enikezwa ibhethri le-EV ngokusekelwe esimweni sayo sokushaja, izinga lokushisa, umthamo webhethri, nezinye izici. Futhi iqinisekisa ukushaja ibhethri ngokugcwele ukuze kwandiswe impilo yayo futhi kuvimbele ukulimala.

Ukuxhumana ne-EV:Ibhodi lokulawula lixhumana nekhompuyutha engaphakathi ye-EV ukushintshanisa ulwazi mayelana nesimo sebhethri, izinga lokushaja, namanye amapharamitha. Lokhu kuxhumana kuvumela isiteshi sokushaja ukuthi silungiselele inqubo yokushaja yemodeli ethile ye-EV.

Ukwengamela inqubo yokushaja:Ihlala iqapha isimo senqubo yokushaja, okuhlanganisa amandla kagesi, amanje, kanye nezinga lokushisa lebhethri le-lithium-ion kanye nesiteshi sokushaja. Ibhodi lokulawula liphinde lithole noma yikuphi ukungahambi kahle ohlelweni lokushaja izimoto zikagesi. Kuthatha isinyathelo esifanele ukuvimbela izingozi zokuphepha, njengokumisa ukushaja noma ukunciphisa umsinga.

Ukubaluleka kwebhodi lokulawula eliklanywe kahle ukuze kuphephe nokuthembeka

Ibhodi lokulawula eliklanywe kahle libalulekile ekuvikeleni nasekuthembekeni kwesiteshi sokushaja imoto kagesi ngokwaso. Iqinisekisa ukuthi ibhethri ye-EV ishajwe ngokufanelekile futhi ivimbela ukushajwa ngokweqile noma ukushajwa okungaphansi, okungalimaza ibhethri. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibhodi elilawulayo eliklanywe kabi leziteshi zokushaja lingaholela ekushajisweni okungasebenzi, ukulimala kwebhethri, noma ngisho nasezingozini zokuphepha ezinjengomlilo noma ukushaqeka kukagesi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukukhetha isiteshi sokushaja esinebhodi lokulawula eliklanywe kahle futhi ulandele imiyalelo yomkhiqizi wokushaja okuphephile nokusebenza kahle.

Isixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi

I-interface yomsebenzisi iyingxenye yesiteshi sokushaja umsebenzisi axhumana naso. Ngokuvamile kufaka isikrini, izinkinobho, noma amanye amadivayisi okokufaka avumela umsebenzisi ukuthi afake ulwazi futhi alawule inqubo yokushaja. Isiteshi sokushaja singahlanganisa noma sixhume isixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi kudivayisi ehlukile.

Izinhlobo zokusebenzelana komsebenzisi

Iziteshi zokushaja ze-EV zisebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbalwa zokusebenzelana komsebenzisi. Ezinye ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:

Isikrini sokuthinta:Isixhumi esibonakalayo sesikrini esithintwayo sivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi alawule inqubo yokushaja ngokuthepha esikrinini. Ingabonisa ulwazi oluhlukahlukene mayelana nenqubo yokushaja, njengesimo sokushaja, isikhathi esisele, kanye nezindleko.

Uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula:I-interface yohlelo lokusebenza lweselula ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi balawule inqubo yokushaja besebenzisa i-smartphone noma ithebhulethi. Uhlelo lokusebenza lunganikeza ulwazi lwesikhathi sangempela mayelana nenqubo yokushaja, oluvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baqale, bamise, noma bahlele inkokhiso bekude.

Isifundi sekhadi le-RFID:Isixhumi esibonakalayo somfundi wekhadi le-RFID sivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baqalise iseshini yokushaja ngokuswayipha ikhadi le-RFID noma i-fob. Isiteshi sokushaja siyalibona ikhadi lomsebenzisi bese siqala inqubo yokushaja.

Ukubaluleka kwesixhumi esibonakalayo esisebenziseka kalula ukuze kube lula ukusisebenzisa

Isixhumi esibonakalayo esisebenziseka kalula sibalulekile ukuze kube lula ukusetshenziswa kanye nolwazi oluhle lokushaja. Ukusebenzelana okuklanywe kahle kufanele kube okunembile, kube lula ukuzulazula, futhi kunikeze ulwazi olucacile nolufushane mayelana nenqubo yokushaja. Kufanele futhi ifinyeleleke kubo bonke abasebenzisi, okuhlanganisa nalabo abakhubazekile noma abangakwazi ukuhamba. Futhi isixhumi esibonakalayo esisebenziseka kalula singasiza futhi ukunciphisa amaphutha omsebenzisi futhi kuvimbele izingozi zokuphepha. Isibonelo, inkinobho yokumisa isimo esiphuthumayo ecacile nevelele ingavumela umsebenzisi ukuthi amise inqubo yokushaja esimeni esiphuthumayo ngokushesha.

Isiphetho

Sengiphetha, amashaja e-EV ayingxenye ebalulekile yalo lonke uhla lwe-EV nengqalasizinda yokushaja ngokwayo, futhi ukuqonda izingxenye zabo eziyinhloko kubalulekile ekukhetheni ishaja efanelekile. Ukunikezwa kwamandla, ikhebula lokushaja, isixhumi, ibhodi lokulawula, nesixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi izingxenye eziyinhloko zamashaja e-EV, ngayinye idlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokushaja. Ukukhetha amashaja anezingxenye ezifanele zokusebenza kokushaja kubalulekile. Njengoba isidingo sama-EV neziteshi zokushaja sikhula, ukuqonda lezi zingxenye kuzobaluleka kakhulu kubanikazi be-EV namabhizinisi.