Okuthrendayo Kwengqalasizinda Yokushaja

Nakuba iningi lesidingo sokushaja njengamanje lihlangabezana nokushajwa kwasekhaya, amashaja afinyeleleka esidlangalaleni aya ngokuya edingeka ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngezinga elifanayo lokusebenziseka kalula nokufinyeleleka njengalapho kugcwaliswa uphethiloli ezimotweni ezivamile. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni aminyene, ikakhulukazi, lapho ukufinyelela ekushajelweni kwekhaya kukhawulelwe kakhulu, ingqalasizinda yokushaja yomphakathi iyisivulekele esibalulekile sokwamukelwa kwe-EV. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, kube nezindawo zokukhokhisa umphakathi eziyizigidi ezi-2.7 emhlabeni wonke, ezingaphezu kuka-900 000 zazo ezifakwe ngo-2022, cishe zikhuphuke ngo-55% esitokweni sika-2021, futhi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga lokukhula kwangaphambi kobhubhane ngo-50% phakathi kuka-2015 no-2015. 2019.

Amashaja anensa

Emhlabeni jikelele, angaphezu kuka-600 000 izindawo zokushaja kancane zomphakathi1zafakwa ngo-2022, ezingu-360 000 zazo zaziseShayina, okwenza isitokwe samashaja ahamba kancane ezweni sibe ngaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, i-China yayiyikhaya lesitoko esingaphezu kwengxenye yomhlaba wonke samashaja ahamba kancane omphakathi.

I-Europe ikleliswe endaweni yesibili, ngamashaja ahamba kancane angu-460 000 ngo-2022, okuwukunyuka ngo-50% kunonyaka odlule. INetherlands izihola phambili e-Europe ngabangu-117 000, ilandelwe ngabangu-74 000 eFrance bese kuba ngu-64 000 eGermany. Isitoko samashaja ahamba kancane e-United States sikhuphuke ngo-9% ngo-2022, izinga lokukhula eliphansi kakhulu phakathi kwezimakethe ezinkulu. E-Korea, isitokwe esishaja kancane siphindeke kabili unyaka nonyaka, sifinyelela kumaphuzu okushaja ayi-184 000.

Amashaja asheshayo

Amashaja asheshayo afinyeleleka esidlangalaleni, ikakhulukazi lawo atholakala eduze kwemigwaqo, anika amandla uhambo olude futhi angabhekana nokukhathazeka okuhlukahlukene, isithiyo ekuthathweni kwe-EV. Njengamashaja ahamba kancane, amashaja asheshayo asesidlangalaleni nawo ahlinzeka ngezixazululo zokushaja kubathengi abangenakho ukufinyelela okuthembekile ekushajweni okuyimfihlo, ngaleyo ndlela ekhuthaza ukutholwa kwe-EV kuzo zonke izindawo ezibanzi zabantu. Inani lamashaja asheshayo lenyuke ngo-330 000 emhlabeni jikelele ngo-2022, nakuba futhi iningi (cishe ama-90%) lokukhula livela eShayina. Ukuthunyelwa kokushaja okusheshayo kunxephezela ukuntula ukufinyelela kumashaja asekhaya emadolobheni anabantu abaningi futhi kusekela imigomo ye-China yokuthunyelwa kwe-EV ngokushesha. I-China yenza amashaja asheshayo angu-760 000, kodwa ngaphezu kwesamba senqwaba yamashaja asheshayo emphakathini asezifundazweni eziyishumi nje kuphela.

E-Europe isitokwe seshaja esheshayo sasingaphezu kuka-70 000 ekupheleni kuka-2022, okuwukukhuphuka cishe ngo-55% uma kuqhathaniswa no-2021. Amazwe anestock enkulu yokushaja okusheshayo yiJalimane (ngaphezu kwezi-12 000), i-France (9 700) kanye ne-Norway. (9 000). Kunesifiso esicacile kwi-European Union yonkana yokuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yokushaja yomphakathi, njengoba kukhonjiswe isivumelwano sesikhashana mayelana ne-Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), ezobeka izidingo zokushaja ugesi kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yezokuthutha yaseYurophu (TEN). -T) phakathi kwe-European Investment Bank kanye ne-European Commission izokwenza imali engaphezu kwebhiliyoni engu-EUR 1.5 itholakale ekupheleni kuka-2023 yengqalasizinda yamafutha ahlukile, okuhlanganisa nokushaja ugesi ngokushesha.

I-United States yafaka amashaja asheshayo angu-6 300 ngo-2022, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yawo okwakungama-Tesla Supercharger. Isamba sesitoko samashaja asheshayo sifinyelele ku-28 000 ekupheleni kuka-2022. Ukuthunyelwa kulindeleke ukuthi kusheshise eminyakeni ezayo kulandela ukugunyazwa kukahulumeni kwe-(NEVI). Zonke izifundazwe zase-US, i-Washington DC, ne-Puerto Rico zibamba iqhaza ohlelweni, futhi sezivele zabelwe u-USD 885 wezigidi zokuxhasa ngo-2023 ukuze zisekele ukwakhiwa kwamashaja ku-122 000 km womgwaqo omkhulu . I-US Federal Highway Administration imemezele amazinga amasha kazwelonke wamashaja e-EV axhaswe uhulumeni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvumelana, ukwethembeka, ukufinyeleleka nokuhambisana. kwamazinga amasha, uTesla umemezele ukuthi uzovula ingxenye ye-Supercharger yayo yase-US (lapho ama-Supercharger amelela u-60% yenani eliphelele lamashaja asheshayo e-United States) kanye nenethiwekhi Yeshaja Yendawo eya kuma-EV angewona ama-Tesla.

Izindawo zokushaja zomphakathi ziya ngokuya zidingeka ukuze unike amandla ukutholwa kwe-EV okubanzi

Ukusatshalaliswa kwengqalasizinda ekhokhiswayo yomphakathi njengoba kulindeleke ukukhula kokuthengiswa kwe-EV kubalulekile ekwamukelweni kwe-EV okusabalele. E-Norway, ngokwesibonelo, bekunamabhethri kagesi angama-1.3 ama-LDV endaweni yokushaja yomphakathi ngo-2011, asekela ukutholwa okwengeziwe. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, ngaphezu kuka-17% wama-LDV angama-BEV, bekunama-BEV angu-25 endaweni yokushaja yomphakathi eNorway. Ngokuvamile, njengoba isabelo sesitoko sama-LDV kagesi ebhethri sikhula, iphoyinti lokushaja ngokwesilinganiso se-BEV ngasinye liyehla. Ukukhula kokuthengiswa kwe-EV kungasimama kuphela uma isidingo sokushaja sihlangatshezwa nengqalasizinda efinyelelekayo nethengekayo, kungaba ngokushaja okuyimfihlo ezindlini noma emsebenzini, noma iziteshi zokushaja ezifinyeleleka esidlangalaleni.

Isilinganiso sama-LDV kagesi ngeshaja yomphakathi ngayinye

Iphoyinti lokushaja elisesidlangalaleni ngesilinganiso ngasinye sebhethri-kagesi we-LDV emazweni akhethiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nesabelo sesitoko sikagesi sebhethri se-LDV

Nakuba ama-PHEV ethembele kancane kungqalasizinda ekhokhiswayo yomphakathi kunama-BEV, ukwenziwa kwenqubomgomo ehlobene nokutholakala okwanele kwezindawo zokushaja kufanele kufake (futhi kukhuthaze) ukushaja kwe-PHEV yomphakathi. Uma ingqikithi yenani lama-LDV kagesi endaweni yokushaja ibhekwa, isilinganiso somhlaba wonke ngo-2022 sasicishe sibe ngama-EV ayishumi ngeshaja ngayinye. Amazwe anjenge-China, Korea ne-Netherlands agcine ama-EV angaphansi kweshumi ngeshaja ngayinye phakathi neminyaka edlule. Emazweni athembele kakhulu ekushajelweni komphakathi, inombolo yamashaja afinyeleleka esidlangalaleni ibilokhu ikhula ngesivinini esifana kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kwe-EV.

Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimakethe ezibonakala ngokutholakala okusabalele kokushajwa kwekhaya (ngenxa yesabelo esikhulu sezindlu zomndeni owodwa nethuba lokufaka ishaja) inani lama-EV endaweni yokushaja yomphakathi lingaba phezulu nakakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, isilinganiso sama-EV ngeshaja singama-24, futhi eNorway singaphezu kuka-30. Njengoba ukungena emakethe kwama-EVs kukhuphuka, ukushaja komphakathi kuba okubaluleke nakakhulu, ngisho nakulawa mazwe, ukusekela ukutholwa kwe-EV phakathi kwabashayeli. abangenakho ukufinyelela ezindlekweni zokushaja zasekhaya noma zasemsebenzini. Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso esilungile sama-EV ishaja ngayinye izohluka ngokuya ngezimo zendawo kanye nezidingo zomshayeli.

Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu kunenani lamashaja omphakathi atholakalayo inani lamandla ashaja omphakathi i-EV ngayinye, uma kubhekwa ukuthi amashaja asheshayo angasebenzisa ama-EV amaningi kunamashaja ahamba kancane. Ezigabeni zokuqala zokutholwa kwe-EV, kunengqondo ukuthi amandla okushaja atholakalayo nge-EV ngayinye abe phezulu, kucatshangwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kweshaja kuzoba phansi kakhulu kuze kube yilapho imakethe ivuthwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwengqalasizinda kusebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, i-European Union's ku-AFIR ihlanganisa izimfuneko zesamba samandla samandla azohlinzekwa ngokusekelwe kusayizi wemikhumbi ebhalisiwe.

Emhlabeni jikelele, isilinganiso samandla okushaja omphakathi nge-LDV kagesi ngayinye singama-2.4 kW nge-EV ngayinye. E-European Union, isilinganiso siphansi, ngesilinganiso esingaba ngu-1.2 kW nge-EV ngayinye. I-Korea inesilinganiso esiphezulu esingu-7 kW nge-EV ngayinye, ngisho namashaja amaningi asesidlangalaleni (90%) angamashaja ahamba kancane.

Inombolo yama-LDV kagesi endaweni yokushaja yomphakathi ngayinye kanye ne-kW nge-LDV kagesi ngayinye, 2022

Vula

Inani lama-LDV kagesi ngephoyinti lokushaja kW lokushaja komphakathi nge-LDV kagesi ngayinyeI-IcelandI-IcelandI-Australiai-BraziliJalimaneI-United StatesI-DenmarkI-United KingdomI-Spaini-Indonesiai-Indonesiai-JapanI-European Union eFrancei-MexicoBelgiumI-ItalyI-ItalyI-South AfricaI-ChileGreeceNetherlandsKorea08162432404856647280880968.4.472808809610.4. 66.67.27.8

• I-EV / EVSE (i-eksisi engezansi)
• kW / EV (i-eksisi ephezulu)

Ezifundeni lapho amaloli kagesi etholakala khona ngokwezentengiselwano, amaloli kagesi webhethri angaqhudelana ngesisekelo se-TCO namaloli avamile edizili ukuze kube nohlu olukhulayo lwemisebenzi, hhayi nje kuphela emadolobheni nasezifundeni, kodwa nasezigabeni ze-tractor-trailer zesifunda nezihamba isikhathi eside. . Amapharamitha amathathu anquma isikhathi okufinyelelwa ngaso ama-tolls; Izindleko zikaphethiloli nezokusebenza (isib. umehluko phakathi kwentengo kadizili nekagesi abashayeli bamaloli ababhekana nayo, kanye nezindleko zokunakekela ezincishisiwe); kanye noxhaso lwe-CAPEX ukuze kuncishiswe igebe emalini yokuthenga imoto kusengaphambili. Njengoba amaloli kagesi angahlinzeka ngokusebenza okufanayo ngezindleko eziphansi zokuphila konke (okuhlanganisa uma kusetshenziswa isilinganiso esehlisiwe), lapho abanikazi bezimoto balindele ukubuyisela izindleko zangaphambili kuyisici esiyinhloko ekunqumeni ukuthi bathenge iloli likagesi noma elivamile.

Umnotho wamaloli kagesi ezinhlelweni ezisetshenziswa amabanga amade ungathuthukiswa kakhulu uma izindleko zokushaja zingancishiswa ngokukhulisa "i-off-shift" (isb. isikhathi sasebusuku noma ezinye izikhathi ezinde zokuphumula) ukushaja kancane, ukuthola izinkontileka zokuthenga ngobuningi nabaqhubi begridi "i-mid-shift" (isb. ngesikhathi sekhefu), ishesha (kufika ku-350 kW), noma ishesha kakhulu (>350 kW) ishaja, kanye nokuhlola ukushaja okuhlakaniphile namathuba emoto kuya kugridi ukuze uthole imali eyengeziwe.

Amaloli kagesi namabhasi azothembela ekushajelweni kwe-off-shift ukuze asebenzise iningi lamandla awo. Lokhu kuzofezwa kakhulu ezindaweni zokushaja ezizimele noma ezizimele noma eziteshini zomphakathi emigwaqweni emikhulu, futhi ngokuvamile ebusuku. Amadepho azohlinzeka ngezidingo ezikhulayo zokufakelwa kukagesi osindayo kuzodingeka athuthukiswe, futhi ezimweni eziningi angase adinge ukuthuthukiswa kwegridi yokusatshalaliswa nokudluliswa kukagesi. Ngokuya ngezidingo zebanga lezimoto, ukushaja kwedepho kuzokwanela ukukhokhela imisebenzi eminingi yamabhasi asemadolobheni kanye nemisebenzi yamaloli asemadolobheni nesifunda.

Imithetho egunyaza izikhathi zokuphumula ingase futhi inikeze iwindi lesikhathi lokushaja kwamaphakathi neshifu uma izinketho zokushaja okusheshayo noma ezisheshayo zitholakala endleleni: I-European Union idinga imizuzu engu-45 yekhefu ngemva kwamahora angu-4.5 wokushayela; I-United States igunyaza imizuzu engama-30 ngemuva kwamahora ayi-8.

Iziteshi eziningi zokushaja okusheshayo zamanje (DC) ezitholakala kwezohwebo okwamanje zinika amandla amazinga kagesi asukela ku-250-350 kW. okufinyelelwe uMkhandlu WaseYurophu kanye nePhalamende kuhlanganisa inqubo kancane kancane yokuthunyelwa kwengqalasizinda yezimoto ezisindayo zikagesi eziqala ngo-2025. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwezidingo zamandla okusebenza kwamaloli esifunda kanye namaloli amade e-US naseYurophu kuthola ukuthi amandla okushaja angaphezu kuka-350 kW. , futhi ukuphakama okungu-1 MW, kungase kudingeke ukuthi ushaje ngokugcwele amaloli kagesi ngesikhathi sekhefu lemizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwangu-45.

Ngokubona isidingo sokukhuphula ukushaja okusheshayo noma okushesha kakhulu njengemfuneko yokwenza kokubili kwesifunda futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukusebenza okude isikhathi eside ngobuchwepheshe nangokwezomnotho, ngo-2022 iTraton, Volvo, kanye noDaimler basungula ibhizinisi elihlanganyelwe elizimele, Nge-EUR 500. izigidi ekutshalweni kwezimali okuhlangene okuvela emaqenjini amathathu akhiqiza umsebenzi onzima, lolu hlelo luhlose ukutshala izindawo zokushaja ezingaphezu kuka-1 700 ngokushesha (300 kuya ku-350 kW) kanye nezindawo zokushaja ezishesha kakhulu (1 MW) kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Izindinganiso zokushaja eziningi ziyasebenza njengamanje, futhi ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe bokushaja okushesha kakhulu zisathuthukiswa. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhlangana okukhulu okungenzeka kwamazinga okushaja kanye nokusebenzisana kwama-EV emisebenzi enzima kuyodingeka ukuze kugwenywe izindleko, ukungasebenzi, kanye nezinselele zabangenisa izimoto kwamanye amazwe kanye nabaqhubi bamazwe ngamazwe okuzodalwa abakhiqizi abalandela izindlela ezihlukene.

E-China, abathuthukisi ababambisene ne-China Electricity Council kanye ne-“ultra ChaoJi” ye-CHAdeMO bathuthukisa izinga lokushaja izimoto ezisebenza kanzima zikagesi kuze kufike kumamegawathi ambalwa. E-Europe nase-United States, imininingwane ye-CharIN Megawatt Charging System (MCS), enamandla amakhulu amakhulu. zingaphansi kokuthuthukiswa yi-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) nezinye izinhlangano. Ukucaciswa kokugcina kwe-MCS, okuzodingeka ekukhishweni kwezentengiselwano, kulindeleke ngo-2024. Ngemva kwendawo yokuqala yokushaja i-megawatt ehlinzekwa yi-Daimler Trucks kanye ne-Portland General Electric (PGE) ngo-2021, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali namaphrojekthi e-Austria, eSweden. , iSpain kanye ne-United Kingdom.

Ukudayiswa kwamashaja anamandla alinganiselwe angu-1 MW kuzodinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, njengoba iziteshi ezinezidingo zamandla aphezulu zizoba nezindleko ezinkulu kukho kokubili ukufakwa nokuthuthukiswa kwegridi. Ukubuyekeza amamodeli ebhizinisi lensiza kagesi yomphakathi kanye nemithetho yemboni yamandla, ukuhlela ngokuhlanganyela kubo bonke ababambiqhaza nokushaja okuhlakaniphile konke kungasiza Ukwesekwa okuqondile ngamaphrojekthi okuhlola kanye nezisusa zezezimali nakho kungasheshisa ukuboniswa nokwamukelwa ezigabeni zokuqala. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luveza ukucatshangelwa kwedizayini okuyinhloko yokuthuthukisa iziteshi zokushaja ezilinganiselwe nge-MCS:

• Ukuhlela iziteshi zokushaja ezindaweni zedepho yothelawayeka eduze kwezintambo zokuthutha kanye neziteshi ezincane kungaba yisixazululo esiphelele sokunciphisa izindleko nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kweshaja.
• Ukuxhumana “kokulinganisa kwesokudla” okuxhumene ngqo nezintambo zokudlulisela kusenesikhathi, ngalokho kulindela izidingo zamandla zesistimu lapho amasheya aphezulu omsebenzi wempahla efakelwe ugesi, kunokuba kuthuthukiswe amagridi okusabalalisa ngesikhathi sokukhangisa nangesikhathi esifushane. isisekelo, kuzobaluleka ukunciphisa izindleko. Lokhu kuzodinga ukuhlela okuhlelekile nokudidiyelwe phakathi kwabasebenzisi begridi kanye nabathuthukisi bengqalasizinda abashaja kuyo yonke imikhakha.
• Njengoba ukuxhumeka kwesistimu yokudlulisela kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwegridi kungathatha iminyaka engu-4-8, ukwakhiwa kwendawo kanye nokwakhiwa kweziteshi zokushaja ezibaluleke kakhulu kuzodingeka kuqale ngokushesha okukhulu.

Izixazululo zihlanganisa ukufaka isitoreji esimile kanye nokuhlanganisa umthamo wendawo ovuselelekayo, kuhlanganiswe nokushaja okuhlakaniphile, okungasiza ukwehlisa kokubili izindleko zengqalasizinda ezihlobene nokuxhunywa kwegridi nezindleko zokuthenga ugesi (isb. ngokunika amandla abaqhubi bamaloli ukuba banciphise izindleko ngokushintshashintsha kwentengo usuku lonke, basebenzise inzuzo enkulu. yamathuba emoto-kuya-kwigridi, njll.).

Ezinye izinketho zokuhlinzeka ngamandla ezimotweni ezisindayo zikagesi (ama-HDV) ukushintshwa kwamabhethri nezinhlelo zemigwaqo zikagesi. Amasistimu emigwaqo kagesi angadlulisela amandla elolini ngokusebenzisa amakhoyili e-inductive emgwaqeni, noma ngoxhumano lwe-conductive phakathi kwemoto nomgwaqo, noma ngemigqa ye-catenary (overhead). I-Catenary nezinye izinketho zokushaja eziguquguqukayo zingase zibe nesithembiso sokunciphisa izindleko zenyuvesi yezinga lesistimu ekushintsheni kumaloli esifunda angenawo umoya ongcolile kanye namaloli amade, aqedele kahle ngokwezimali eziphelele nezindleko zokusebenza. Bangasiza futhi ekwehliseni izidingo zomthamo webhethri. Ukufunwa kwebhethri kungancishiswa nakakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kungathuthukiswa nakakhulu, uma izinhlelo zemigwaqo kagesi zenzelwe ukuthi zihambelane hhayi namaloli kuphela kodwa nezimoto zikagesi. Kodwa-ke, izindlela ezinjalo zingadinga imiklamo eguquguqukayo noma esemgwaqweni eza nezithiyo ezinkulu mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe nokuklama, futhi edinga imali enkulu kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlelo zemigwaqo kagesi ziletha izinselelo ezibalulekile ezifana nalezo zomkhakha wezitimela, okuhlanganisa isidingo esikhulu sokumiswa kwemizila nezimoto (njengoba kuboniswe ngamathremu namabhasi ezinqola), ukuhambisana nemingcele yohambo olude, nengqalasizinda efanele. amamodeli obunikazi. Banikeza ukuguquguquka okuncane kubanikazi bamaloli ngokwemizila nezinhlobo zezimoto, futhi banezindleko zokuthuthukiswa eziphezulu sezizonke, konke okuthinta ukuncintisana kwabo uma kuqhathaniswa neziteshi zokushaja ezivamile. Uma kubhekwa lezi zinselele, lezi zinhlelo zizosetshenziswa ngempumelelo kuqala emihubheni yezimpahla esetshenziswa kakhulu, okuzohlanganisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo bonke ababambiqhaza abahlukene bakahulumeni nabazimele. Imibhikisho emigwaqweni yomphakathi kuze kube manje e-Germany nase-Sweden ithembele kompetha abavela kuzo zombili izinhlangano ezizimele nezikahulumeni. Izicelo zabashayeli bezindiza besistimu yemigwaqo kagesi nazo ziyacatshangelwa e-China, India, UK nase-United States.

Izidingo zokushaja izimoto ezithwala kanzima

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) kuphakamisa ukuthi ukushintshana kwebhethri ngamasondo amabili kagesi ezinsizeni zamatekisi (isb. Endabeni yokulethwa kwemayela lokugcina ngamasondo amabili, ukushaja amaphoyinti okwamanje kunenzuzo ye-TCO kunokushintshwa kwebhethri, kodwa ngokukhuthaza kwenqubomgomo efanele nesikali, ukushintshashintsha kungase kube inketho esebenzayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ngokuvamile, njengoba ibanga lansuku zonke elihanjwayo likhuphuka, ibhethri elihamba ngamasondo amabili elishintshashintshayo liba ukonga kakhulu kunokushaja amaphuzu noma izimoto zikaphethiloli. Ngo-2021, i-Swappable Batteries Motorcycle Consortium yasungulwa ngenhloso yokusiza ukushintshanisa amabhethri ezimoto ezinesisindo esincane, okuhlanganisa namasondo amabili/amathathu, ngokusebenzisana ekucacisweni kwebhethri okujwayelekile.

Ukushintshwa kwebhethri kwamasondo kagesi amabili/amathathu kukhula kakhulu e-India. Njengamanje kunezinkampani ezingaphezu kweshumi ezihlukene emakethe yaseNdiya, okuhlanganisa noGogoro, isikuta sikagesi esizinze e-Chinese Taipei kanye nomholi wobuchwepheshe bokushintsha amabhethri. UGogoro uthi amabhethri akhe anamandla angu-90% ezikuta zikagesi e-Chinese Taipei, kanti inethiwekhi yakwaGogoro ineziteshi ezishintshashintsha amabhethri ezingaphezu kuka-12 000 ukuze zisekele amasondo kagesi angaphezu kuka-500 000 emazweni ayisishiyagalolunye, ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-Asia Pacific. Manje uGogoro usesungule ukubambisana ne-Zypp Electric ese-India, esebenzisa inkundla ye-EV-as-a-service yokulethwa kwemayela lokugcina; ngokuhlanganyela, bathumela iziteshi zokushintshwa kwamabhethri eziyi-6 kanye namasondo amabili kagesi kagesi njengengxenye yephrojekthi yokuhlola yebhizinisi-kuya-ibhizinisi lokulethwa kwemayela lokugcina edolobheni laseDelhi. Ekuqaleni kuka-2023, baphakamise, abazosebenzisa ukukhulisa izimoto zabo zibe amasondo amabili kagesi angu-200 000 emadolobheni angama-30 aseNdiya ngo-2025. I-Sun Mobility inomlando omude wokushintshwa kwamabhethri e-India, neziteshi ezishintshayo ezweni lonke. amasondo kagesi anamasondo amabili namathathu, okuhlanganisa nama-e-rickshaw, nozakwethu abanjengo-Amazon India. I-Thailand ibona futhi ezinsizeni zokushintshwa kwebhethri zamatekisi ezithuthuthu nabashayeli bokulethwa.

Yize kwande kakhulu e-Asia, ukushintsha amabhethri ngamasondo amabili kagesi nakho kusabalele nase-Afrika. Isibonelo, ukuqala kwesithuthuthu sikagesi saseRwanda kusebenzisa iziteshi zokushintsha amabhethri, ngokugxila ekunikezeni imisebenzi yamatekisi ezithuthuthu edinga amabanga amade osuku. I-Ampersand yakhe iziteshi zokushintsha amabhethri eziyishumi eKigali nezithathu eNairobi, Kenya. Lezi ziteshi zisebenza cishe ku-37 000 ukushintshanisa amabhethri ngenyanga.

Ukushintshwa kwebhethri kwamasondo amabili/amathathu kunikeza izinzuzo zezindleko

Emalolini ikakhulukazi, ukushintshanisa amabhethri kungaba nezinzuzo ezinkulu phezu kokushaja okushesha kakhulu. Okokuqala, ukushintshashintsha kungathatha okuncane, okungaba nzima futhi kubize ukukufeza ngokushaja okusekelwe kukhebula, okudinga ishaja eshesha kakhulu exhunywe kumagridi anamandla aphakathi ukuya kuye aphezulu kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha amabhethri ezibizayo kanye namakhemikhali ebhethri. Ukugwema ukushaja okushesha kakhulu kungase futhi kunwebe umthamo webhethri, ukusebenza kanye nempilo yomjikelezo.

I-Battery-as-a-service (i-BaaS), ehlukanisa ukuthengwa kweloli nebhethri, kanye nokusungula inkontileka yokuqashisa ibhethri, kunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokuthenga kusengaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba amaloli ejwayele ukuncika kumakhemikhali ebhethri e-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), ahlala isikhathi eside kunamabhethri e-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), afaneleka kahle ukushintshaniswa ngokuya kokuphepha nokufinyeleleka.

Kodwa-ke, izindleko zokwakha isiteshi cishe zizoba phezulu ekushintsheni amabhethri eloli uma kubhekwa usayizi wemoto omkhulu namabhethri asindayo, adinga isikhala esiningi nezinto zokusebenza ezikhethekile ukuze kushintshwe. Esinye isithiyo esikhulu imfuneko yokuthi amabhethri afanekiswe abe ngusayizi nomthamo othile, okuyinto ama-OEMs wamaloli okungenzeka ayibone njengenselele yokuncintisana njengoba ukwakheka kwebhethri namandla kungumhlukanisi oyinhloko phakathi kwabakhiqizi bamaloli kagesi.

I-China ihamba phambili ekushintsheni amabhethri amaloli ngenxa yokusekelwa okubalulekile kwenqubomgomo nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuklanyelwe ukuhambisana nokushajwa kwekhebula. Ngo-2021, i-MIIT yaseChina yamemezela ukuthi amadolobha amaningi azohlola ubuchwepheshe bokushintshwa kwamabhethri, okuhlanganisa nokushintshwa kwebhethri le-HDV emadolobheni amathathu. Cishe bonke abakhiqizi bamaloli amakhulu ase-China abakhulu, okuhlanganisa i-FAW, i-CAMC, i-Dongfeng, i-Jiangling Motors Corporation Limited (JMC), i-Shanxi Automobile, ne-SAIC.

I-China ihamba phambili ekushintsheni amabhethri amaloli

I-China futhi ihamba phambili ekushintsheni amabhethri ezimoto zabagibeli. Kuzo zonke izindlela, inani eliphelele leziteshi ezishintshashintsha amabhethri e-China limi cishe ekupheleni kuka-2022, lingaphezulu ngo-50% kunasekupheleni kuka-2021. I-NIO, ekhiqiza izimoto ezisebenza ukushintsha amabhethri kanye neziteshi ezishintshayo ezisekelayo, isebenza ngaphezu kwalokho. e-China, ibika ukuthi inethiwekhi ihlanganisa ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezwe laseChina. Ingxenye yeziteshi zabo zokushintshisana yafakwa ngo-2022, futhi inkampani izibekele umgomo weziteshi zokushintshwa kwamabhethri eziyizi-4 000 emhlabeni wonke ngo-2025. Inkampani iziteshi zabo ezishintshayo zingakwazi ukwenza izinguquko ezingaphezu kuka-300 ngosuku, zishaja amabhethri afika kwangu-13 ngesikhathi esisodwa 20-80 kW.

I-NIO iphinde yamemezela izinhlelo zokwakha iziteshi zokushintsha amabhethri e-Europe njengoba amamodeli ezimoto ezisebenzisa ibhethri aqala ukutholakala ezimakethe zaseYurophu ngasekupheleni kuka-2022. Isiteshi sokuqala sokushintsha amabhethri se-NIO eSweden savulwa futhi ekupheleni kuka-2022, i-NIO eyishumi. iziteshi zokushintsha amabhethri bezivuliwe kulo lonke elaseNorway, eJalimane, eSweden naseNetherlands. Ngokungafani ne-NIO, iziteshi zayo ezishintshayo zihlinzeka ngezimoto ze-NIO, iziteshi zesiteshi sokushintshwa kwamabhethri zaseShayina i-Aulton zisekela amamodeli angu-30 ezinkampanini zezimoto ezingu-16 ezahlukene.

Ukushintshwa kwebhethri kungase futhi kube inketho ekhangayo ikakhulukazi ezinqoleni zamatekisi ze-LDV, ukusebenza kwazo kuzwela kakhulu ezikhathini zokushajwa kunezimoto zomuntu siqu. Ukuqala kwe-Ample yase-US njengamanje isebenzisa iziteshi zokushintshwa kwamabhethri eziyi-12 endaweni yase-San Francisco Bay, ikakhulukazi ihlinzeka ngezimoto ze-Uber rideshare.

I-China futhi ihamba phambili ekushintsheni amabhethri ezimoto zabagibeli

Izithenjwa

Amashaja anensayo anezilinganiso zamandla angaphansi noma alingana no-22 kW. Amashaja asheshayo yilawo anesilinganiso samandla angaphezu kuka-22 kW afinyelela ku-350 kW. “Amaphuzu okushaja” kanye “namashaja” asetshenziswa ngokushintshana futhi abhekisela kumasokhethi okushaja ngamanye, okubonisa inani lama-EV angashaja ngesikhathi esifanayo. ''Iziteshi zokushaja” zingaba nezindawo zokushaja eziningi.

Ngaphambilini umyalelo, i-AFIR ehlongozwayo, uma isigunyazwe ngokusemthethweni, yayizoba umthetho obophayo, obeka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ibanga eliphakeme phakathi kwamashaja afakwe eduze kwe-TEN-T, imigwaqo eyisisekelo neyesibili ngaphakathi kwe-European Union.

Izixazululo ze-inductive zisukela kwezohwebo futhi zibhekana nezinselele zokuletha amandla anele ngesivinini somgwaqo omkhulu.