I-Indonesia Market Prospects for EV Sales and Manufacturing

I-Indonesia iqhudelana namazwe afana ne-Thailand ne-India ukuthuthukisa imboni yayo yezimoto zikagesi, futhi inikeze enye indlela esebenzayo ye-China, umkhiqizi we-EV ohamba phambili emhlabeni. Izwe lithemba ukuthi ukufinyelela kwalo ezintweni ezingavuthiwe namandla ezimboni kuzolivumela ukuthi libe isizinda sokuncintisana sabenzi be-EV futhi livumele ukuthi lakhe uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngendawo. Izinqubomgomo ezisekelayo sezikhona zokukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali kokukhiqiza kanye nokuthengiswa kwasendaweni kwama-EV.

Ukubukeka kwemakethe yasekhaya
I-Indonesia isebenza ngenkuthalo ukusungula ubukhona obuphawulekayo embonini yezimoto zikagesi (EV), ngenhloso yokufinyelela abasebenzisi bezimoto zikagesi eziyizigidi ezingu-2.5 ngo-2025.

Nokho, idatha yemakethe iphakamisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwemikhuba yabathengi bezimoto kuzothatha isikhashana. Izimoto zikagesi zenza ngaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa lezimoto emigwaqweni yase-Indonesia, ngokombiko ka-August ovela kwaReuters. Ngonyaka odlule, i-Indonesia yaqopha nje ukuthengiswa kwezimoto zikagesi eziyi-15,400 kanye nokuthengiswa kwezithuthuthu zikagesi ezilinganiselwa ku-32,000. Ngisho nabashayeli bamatekisi abaqavile abafana ne-Bluebird becabanga ukutholwa kwemikhumbi ye-EV ezinkampanini ezinkulu njengenkampani enkulu yezimoto yase-China i-BYD—imibono kahulumeni wase-Indonesia izodinga isikhathi esengeziwe ukuze ibe ngokoqobo.

Nokho, isimo sengqondo sibonakala siqhubeka. ENtshonalanga Jakarta, umdayisi wezimoto i-PT Prima Wahana Auto Mobil ibone ukuthambekela okukhulayo ekuthengisweni kwayo kwe-EV. Ngokusho kommeleli wenkampani edayisayo ekhuluma ne-China Daily ngoJuni nonyaka, amakhasimende ase-Indonesia athenga futhi asebenzisa i-Wuling Air EV njengemoto yesibili, ehambisana nalezi ezivamile.

Lolu hlobo lwesinqumo lungase luxhunyaniswe nokukhathazeka mayelana nengqalasizinda evelayo yokushajwa kwe-EV nangemuva kwamasevisi okuthengisa kanye nobubanzi be-EV, okubhekisela ekushajweni kwebhethri okudingekayo ukuze ufinyelele indawo oya kuyo. Sekukonke, izindleko ze-EV nokukhathazeka mayelana namandla ebhethri kungase kuvimbe ukutholwa kokuqala.

Kodwa-ke, izifiso zase-Indonesia zidlulela ngalé kokukhuthaza ukwamukelwa kwabathengi kwezimoto zamandla ahlanzekile. Izwe futhi lizama ukuzibeka njengesizinda esibalulekile ngaphakathi kwe-EV supply chain. Phela, i-Indonesia iyimakethe yezimoto enkulu kunazo zonke eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia futhi ikleliswe njengesikhungo sokukhiqiza sesibili ngobukhulu esifundeni, ilandela iThailand.

Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sihlola izici ezibalulekile ezishayela le pivot ye-EV futhi sixoxe ngokuthi yini eyenza i-Indonesia ibe indawo ekhethwayo yokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kule ngxenye.

Inqubomgomo kahulumeni kanye nezinyathelo zokusekela
Uhulumeni ka-Joko Widodo ufake ukukhiqizwa kwe-EV ku-ASEAN_Indonesia_Master Plan Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development 2011-2025 futhi waveza ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda ye-EV ku-Narasi-RPJMN-2020-2024-versi-Bahasa-Inggris (National Medium-Term Plan) 2020-2024).

Ngaphansi KoHlelo Lowezi-2020-24, ukusungulwa kwezimboni ezweni kuzogxila kakhulu emikhakheni emibili ebalulekile: (1) ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, amakhemikhali, nensimbi enhla nomfula, kanye (2) nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ethuthukisa ukubaluleka nokuncintisana. Le mikhiqizo ihlanganisa imikhakha eminingi, kuhlanganise nezimoto zikagesi. Ukwenziwa kwalolu hlelo kuzosekelwa izinqubomgomo zokuqondanisa emikhakheni eyisisekelo, eyesibili, neyemfundo ephakeme.
Ngo-Agasti walo nyaka, i-Indonesia yamemezela ukwelulwa kweminyaka emibili kwabakhiqizi bezimoto ukuze bahlangabezane nezimfuneko zokufaneleka zemihlomulo yezimoto zikagesi. Ngemithetho esanda kwethulwa, ethambile yokutshalwa kwezimali, abakhiqizi bezimoto bangathembisa ukukhiqiza ubuncane bezingxenye ze-EV ezingamaphesenti angu-40 e-Indonesia ngo-2026 ukuze bafanelekele ukuthola izinzuzo. Izibopho ezinkulu zokutshala izimali sezivele zenziwe yinkampani yaseChina iNeta EV kanye neMitsubishi Motors yaseJapan. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-PT Hyundai Motors Indonesia yethula i-EV yayo yokuqala ekhiqizwe ekhaya ngo-Ephreli 2022.

Ngaphambilini, i-Indonesia yayimemezele inhloso yayo yokwehlisa intela yempahla evela ku-50% iye kuqanda kubakhiqizi be-EV abacabanga ngokutshala imali ezweni.

Emuva ngo-2019, uhulumeni wase-Indonesia wayekhiphe uxhaxha lwezinxephezelo eziqondiswe kubakhiqizi bezimoto zikagesi, izinkampani zezokuthutha kanye nabathengi. Lezi zinzuzo zihlanganisa intela ehlisiwe yokungenisa emishinini nezinto zokwakha ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwe-EV futhi zanikeza izinzuzo zeholide lentela isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10 kubakhiqizi be-EV abatshala imali okungenani ama-rupiah ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5 (okulingana nama-US$346 wezigidi) ezweni.

Uhulumeni wase-Indonesia uphinde wehlise kakhulu intela ye-value-added kuma-EVs isuka kumaphesenti ayi-11 yaya kweyodwa kuphela. Lesi sinyathelo siholele ekwehleni okuphawulekayo kwentengo yokuqala ye-Hyundai Ioniq 5 ethengeka kakhulu, yehle isuka ngaphezu kwama-US$51,000 yaya ngaphansi kwama-US$45,000. Lolu kusewububanzi obuyiprimiyamu kubasebenzisi bezimoto abajwayelekile base-Indonesia; imoto ebiza kancane esebenzisa uphethiloli e-Indonesia, i-Daihatsu Ayla, iqala ngaphansi kuka-US$9,000.

Abashayeli bokukhula bokukhiqiza kwe-EV
Umshayeli oyinhloko oqhubekisela phambili ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto zikagesi indawo eningi yase-Indonesia yezinto zokusetshenziswa.

Izwe lingumkhiqizi ohamba phambili emhlabeni we-nickel, isithako esibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion, okuyiwo akhethwa kakhulu kumaphakethe ebhethri e-EV. I-nickel reserves yase-Indonesia yenza cishe amaphesenti angama-22-24 engqikithi yomhlaba wonke. Ukwengeza, izwe linokufinyelela ku-cobalt, enweba isikhathi sokuphila samabhethri e-EV, kanye ne-bauxite, esetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni i-aluminium, into ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-EV. Lokhu kufinyelela okulungile kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kungase kunciphise izindleko zokukhiqiza ngamanani amakhulu.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okwenza i-EV yase-Indonesia kungaqinisa ukuthunyelwa kwayo ngaphandle kwesifunda, uma ngabe umnotho ongomakhelwane uba nokwanda kwesidingo sama-EV. Uhulumeni uhlose ukukhiqiza izimoto zikagesi ezingaba ngu-600,000 ngo-2030.

Ngaphandle kwezinzuzo zokukhiqiza nezokuthengisa, i-Indonesia ifuna ukwehlisa ukuthembela kwayo ekuthengisweni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nokuguqukela ekuthengisweni kwezimpahla ezinenani eliphakeme. Eqinisweni, i-Indonesia ivimbele ukuthunyelwa kwe-nickel ore kwamanye amazwe ngoJanuwari 2020, ngesikhathi esifanayo ikhulisa amandla ayo okuncibilikisa impahla eluhlaza, ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri le-EV, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-EV.

NgoNovemba 2022, i-Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) kanye ne-PT Adaro Minerals Indonesia, Tbk (AMI) bafaka i-Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) okuhloswe ngayo ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala okungaguquki kwe-aluminium ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esandayo sokukhiqizwa kwezimoto. Ukubambisana kuhloswe ukudala uhlelo oluphelele lokubambisana oluphathelene nokukhiqiza kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwe-aluminium oluqhutshwa i-AMI, ngokubambisana nenkampani engaphansi kwayo, i-PT Kalimantan Aluminium Industry (KAI).

Njengoba kushiwo esitatimendeni sabezindaba senkampani, i-Hyundai Motor Company isiqale ukusebenza esikhungweni sokukhiqiza e-Indonesia futhi isebenza ngokubambisana ne-Indonesia kuzo zonke izizinda ezimbalwa, ibheke ukusebenzisana okuzayo embonini yezimoto. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuhlola ukutshalwa kwezimali kumabhizinisi ahlanganyelwe wokukhiqiza amaseli ebhethri. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-aluminium eluhlaza yase-Indonesia, ebonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwayo kwekhabhoni ephansi, ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi ngamanzi, umthombo wamandla ongavumelani nemvelo, ihambisana nenqubomgomo ye-HMC yokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Le aluminium eluhlaza kulindeleke ukuthi ihlangabezane nesidingo esikhulayo somhlaba wonke phakathi kwabakhiqizi bezimoto.
Omunye umgomo obalulekile izinjongo zokusimama zase-Indonesia. Isu lezwe le-EV linomthelela ekuphishekeleni kwe-Indonesia kokuhlosiwe kwe-net-zero emissions. I-Indonesia isanda kusheshisa izinhloso zayo zokunciphisa ukungcola, manje ihlose ukunciphisa ngamaphesenti angu-32 (kusuka kumaphesenti angu-29) ngo-2030. Izimoto zabagibeli nezentengiso zenza amaphesenti angu-19.2 wesamba esikhishwe yizimoto zomgwaqo, kanye noshintsho olunamandla olubhekiswe ekuthathweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-EV. kuzonciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwezinto ezikhishwayo.

Imisebenzi yezimayini ayikho ohlwini lwakamuva lwe-Positive Investment yase-Indonesia, okusho ukuthi ngokobuchwepheshe ivulekele ubunikazi bangaphandle obungamaphesenti angu-100.

Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe baqaphele Umthethonqubo Kahulumeni No. 23 ka-2020 kanye Nomthetho No. 4 ka-2009 (ochitshiyelwe). Le mithetho ibeka ukuthi izinkampani zezimayini zakwamanye amazwe kufanele kancane kancane zihlukanise amasheya azo amaphesenti angama-51 kubanikazi bamasheya base-Indonesia phakathi neminyaka yokuqala eyi-10 ziqale ukukhiqiza.

Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe ku-EV supply chain
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, i-Indonesia ihehe ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwamanye amazwe embonini yayo ye-nickel, egxile kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamabhethri kagesi kanye nentuthuko ye-supply chain.

Okugqamile okuphawulekayo kufaka:

KwaMitsubishi Motors babele cishe izigidi zamaRandi ezingama-375 zamaRandi ukuze bakhulise ukukhiqizwa, okuhlanganisa nemoto kagesi iMinicab-MiEV, ngezinhlelo zokuqala ukukhiqizwa kwe-EV ngoDisemba.
I-Neta, inkampani engaphansi kwe-Hozon New Energy Automobile yase-China, isiqale inqubo yokwamukela ama-oda e-Neta V EV futhi ilungiselela ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya ngo-2024.
Abakhiqizi ababili, i-Wuling Motors kanye ne-Hyundai, bathuthele omunye umsebenzi wabo wokukhiqiza baya e-Indonesia ukuze bafanelekele ukuthola izinzuzo ezigcwele. Zombili izinkampani zinakekela amafekthri ngaphandle kwe-Jakarta futhi yizimbangi ezihamba phambili emakethe ye-EV yezwe mayelana nokudayiswa.
Abatshalizimali baseShayina benza izinhlelo ezimbili ezinkulu zokumba nokuncibilikisa i-nickel etholakala eSulawesi, isiqhingi esaziwa ngokuba nemithombo yaso emikhulu ye-nickel. Lawa maphrojekthi axhunyaniswe nezinkampani ezihweba esidlangalaleni e-Indonesia Morowali Industrial Park kanye ne-Virtue Dragon Nickel Industry.
Ngo-2020, uMnyango Wezokutshalwa Kwezimali wase-Indonesia kanye ne-LG basayine i-MoU ye-US$9.8 billion ye-LG Energy Solution ukuze batshale imali kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwe-EV.
Ngo-2021, i-LG Energy ne-Hyundai Motor Group yaqala ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhungo sokuqala samaseli ebhethri e-Indonesia esinevelu yokutshala engu-US$1.1 bhiliyoni, eklanyelwe ukuba namandla angu-10 GWh.
Ngo-2022, uMnyango Wezokutshalwa Kwezimali wase-Indonesia wangena ku-MoU ne-Foxconn, i-Gogoro Inc, i-IBC, ne-Indika Energy, ehlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri, ukuhamba kwe-e, kanye nezimboni ezihlobene.
Inkampani yezimayini yesifunda sase-Indonesia i-Aneka Tambang ibambisene ne-CATL Group yase-China esivumelwaneni sokukhiqiza i-EV, ukugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri, kanye nokumbiwa kwe-nickel.
I-LG Energy yakha isincibilikisi sokuncibilikisa esingu-$3.5 billion esinamandla okukhiqiza amathani angu-150,000 e-nickel sulfate minyaka yonke.
I-Vale Indonesia kanye no-Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt basebenzisane nabakwaFord Motor ukusungula imboni ye-hydroxide precipitate (MHP) esifundazweni esiseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeSulawesi, ehlelelwe umthamo wamathani angu-120,000, kanye nesitshalo sesibili se-MHP esinamandla angama-60,000-ton.