Ngawaphi aMalungu aPhambili kwiitshaja ze-EV

Intshayelelo

Izithuthi zombane (EVs) ziye zanda kakhulu ngenxa yobungane bendalo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwexabiso elisetyenzisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukugcina ii-EV ziqhuba, abanini be-EV kufuneka bahlawule rhoqo. Apha kulapho iitshaja ze-EV zingena khona. Iitshaja ze-EV zizixhobo ezibonelela ngamandla ombane ukutshaja iibhetri zezithuthi zombane. Kubalulekile ukuba ube nokuqonda okusisiseko kwamacandelo abo ukuqonda indlela iitshaja ze-EV ezisebenza ngayo. Kule bhlog, siza kuphonononga amacandelo aphambili eeshaja ze-EV kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwinkqubo yokutshaja isithuthi sombane.

Ingcaciso emfutshane yeeTjaja ze-EV

Iitshaja ze-EV zizixhobo ezibonelela ngombane kwiibhetri zezithuthi zombane. Ziza kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa inqanaba loku-1, inqanaba lesi-2, kunye nenqanaba lesi-3. Iitshaja zesithuthi sombane zeNqanaba loku-1 zezona zicothayo, zibonelela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-120 volts yamandla atshintshanayo (AC) kunye nokuya kuthi ga kwi-2.4 kilowatts (kW). Iitshaja zeNqanaba lesi-2 zikhawuleza, zibonelela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-240 volts yamandla e-AC kunye ne-19 kW. Iitshaja zeNqanaba lesi-3, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziitshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC, zezona zikhawulezayo, zibonelela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-480 volts yamandla akhoyo ngokuthe ngqo (DC) kunye nokuya kuthi ga kwi-350 kW yamandla. Iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC ziqhele ukusetyenziselwa ushishino kwaye zinokuhlawula ngokupheleleyo kwi-EV kwisithuba nje semizuzu engama-30.

Ukubaluleka kokuqonda aMacandelwana aPhambili eeTshaja ze-EV

Ukuqonda eyona nxalenye iphambili yeetshaja ze-EV kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Okokuqala, ivumela abanini be-EV ukuba bakhethe uhlobo olufanelekileyo lwetshaja yesithuthi sabo kunye neemfuno zokutshaja. Ngaphezu koko, banokwenza izigqibo ezinxulumene noko ngokuzithemba malunga noyena umenzi wezixhobo zombane ezithembekileyo. Ikwavumela abanini be-EV ukuba balungise imiba yokutshaja kwaye benze ulungiso olubalulekileyo lwetshaja.

Okokugqibela, ukuqonda amacandelo aphambili eetshaja ze-EV kuyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lwenkqubo yokutshaja. Ngokwazi ukuba iitshaja ze-EV zisebenza njani, abanini be-EV banokuthatha amanyathelo afunekayo okuthintela iingozi zombane kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokutshaja ikhuselekile kwaye iyasebenza.

Ukunikezwa Amandla

Unikezelo lwamandla yenye yezinto eziphambili zeetshaja ze-EV. Iguqula igridi ye-AC okanye amandla ombane e-DC ibe yivoltheji efanelekileyo kunye neyangoku ukutshaja ibhetri ye-EV. Icandelo lonikezelo lwamandla ngokuqhelekileyo liquka isiguquli, isilungisi, kunye nolawulo lokujikeleza.

Iindidi zeeMbonelelo zaMandla

Iitshaja ze-EV zisebenzisa iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zobonelelo lwamandla: i-AC kunye ne-DC. Iitshaja zeNqanaba loku-1 kunye nenqanaba lesi-2 zisebenzisa izixhobo zombane ze-AC, kwaye ziguqula amandla e-AC ukusuka kwigridi ukuya kumbane ofanelekileyo kunye nokhoyo ofunekayo ukutshaja ibhetri ye-EV. Kwelinye icala, iitshaja zenqanaba lesi-3 zisebenzisa amandla ombane eDC, kwaye ziguqula amandla e-DC aphezulu ukusuka kwigridi ukuya kumbane ofanelekileyo kunye nokufunekayo ukutshaja ibhetri ye-EV.

Ukubaluleka koNikezo lwaMandla wokuTshaja isantya kunye nokusebenza ngokuSebenzayo

Ukunikezelwa kwamandla yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeetshaja ze-EV, njengoko imisela isantya sokutshaja kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Iyakwazi ukutshaja i-EV ngokukhawuleza ukuba inamandla ngokwaneleyo, ngelixa unikezelo lwamandla olungenamandla kangako lunokubangela ukutshaja kwamaxesha acothayo. Ukongezelela, unikezelo lwamandla olukumgangatho ophezulu lunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokutshaja, ukuqinisekisa ukuba igcina amandla kwaye inkqubo yokutshaja ixabisa kangangoko. Ukuqonda eli candelo leetshaja ze-EV kubalulekile ekukhetheni itshaja efanelekileyo ye-EV kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokutshaja iyasebenza kwaye iyasebenza.

Isidibanisi

Isidibanisi siqukethe iplagi, engena kwindawo yokungena kwisithuthi sombane, kunye nesokhethi. Iplagi kunye nesokethi zinezikhonkwane ezihambelanayo kwaye ziqhagamshela ukwenza isekethe yombane. Ezi zikhonkwane ziyakwazi ukuphatha uluhlu lwemisinga ephezulu kunye ne-voltages ngaphandle kokutshisa okanye ukubangela i-arcing yombane.

Iindidi zezihlanganisi

Iindidi ezininzi zeziqhagamshelo ziyafumaneka kwi-EV yokutshaja, nganye ineengenelo kunye nokungalungi. Nazi ezinye zezona zixhaphakileyo:

Uhlobo loku-1 (SAE J1772):Esi sidibanisi sinezikhonkwane ezintlanu, kwaye unokuyibona ikakhulu eMntla Melika naseJapan. Inomlinganiselo ophantsi wamandla (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-amps ezili-16), okwenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiinkqubo zokutshaja ezicothayo neziphakathi.

Uhlobo 2 (IEC 62196):Olu hlobo lwesihlanganisi lunezikhonkwane ezisixhenxe. IYurophu ne-Australia ziyisebenzisa kakhulu. Ixhasa amanqanaba aphezulu ombane (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-43 kW), eyenza ukuba ilungele ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza.

CHAdeMO:Esi sidibanisi sisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwizithuthi zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC kwaye sixhaphakile eJapan. Ubume bayo obukhethekileyo "bompu" bunokubonelela ngombane ukuya kuthi ga kwi-62.5 kW yamandla.

I-CCS:I-Combined Charging System (CCS) sisidibanisi esisemgangathweni esidibanisa uhlobo lwe-2 AC isidibanisi kunye nezikhonkwane ezimbini ezongezelelweyo ze-DC. Iya ixhaphaka kakhulu kwizithuthi kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye ixhasa ukutshaja ukuya kuma-350 kW.

Ukubaluleka kokutshatisa isinxibelelanisi kwisithuthi

Ukuhambelana nodidi lwesiqhagamshelo kwi-EV yakho yokutshaja kakuhle kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana nokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo. Uninzi lwee-EVs ziza nesidibanisi esakhelwe-ngaphakathi esilingana nemigangatho yommandla wabo, kodwa ezinye iimodeli zikuvumela ukuba utshintshe phakathi kweentlobo zekhonkco usebenzisa iadaptha. Xa ukhetha isikhululo sokutshaja, qinisekisa ukuba sinekhonkco elihambelana ne-EV yakho. Kuya kufuneka kwakhona ujonge ukulinganisa amandla esidibanisi kunye nesikhululo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zakho zokutshaja.

Intambo yokutshaja

Intambo yokutshajaludibaniso phakathi kwesikhululo sokutshaja kunye ne-EV. Ithwala umsinga wombane ukusuka kwisikhululo sokutshaja ukuya kwibhetri ye-EV. Umgangatho kunye nohlobo lwentambo yokutshaja esetyenzisiweyo inokuchaphazela isantya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokutshaja.

Iintlobo zeentambo zokutshaja

Amacandelo amabini aphambili abandakanya icandelo lentambo yokutshaja ye-EV: isidibanisi esincamathela kwi-EV kunye nentambo ngokwayo. Ikhebula ngokuqhelekileyo lenziwe ngezinto eziphezulu eziphezulu ezifana nobhedu okanye i-aluminium ukumelana nobunzima bee-EV ezahlukeneyo. Zibhetyebhetye kwaye kulula ukuziqhuba. Iindidi ezininzi zeentambo zokutshaja ziyafumaneka kwii-EVs, kwaye uhlobo lwekhebula olufunekayo luya kuxhomekeka ekwenzeni kunye nomzekelo wesithuthi. Iintambo zohlobo loku-1 ziqhele ukusetyenziswa eNyakatho Melika naseJapan, ngelixa iintambo zohlobo lwe-2 zithandwa kakhulu eYurophu.

Ukubaluleka kokutshaja ubude bekhebula kunye nokuguquguquka

Ubude bekhebula lokutshaja kunye nokuguquguquka kunokuchaphazela ukukhululeka kunye nokhuseleko lwenkqubo yokutshaja. Intambo emfutshane inokuba lula ngakumbi ukutshaja kwindawo exineneyo okanye exineneyo, kodwa intambo ende ingafuneka xa utshaja kwindawo evulekileyo okanye kwindawo ekude. Intambo ebhetyebhetye ngakumbi inokuba lula ukuyiphatha kunye nokuyigcina kodwa inokungahlali ixesha elide kwaye ithanda ukonakala. Ukukhetha intambo yokutshaja efanelekileyo kwiimfuno zakho zokutshaja kunye nemodeli ye-EV ibalulekile. Ukusebenzisa intambo yokutshaja engahambelaniyo okanye eyonakalisiweyo kunokubangela uluhlu lweengozi zokhuseleko okanye umonakalo kwi-port yokutshaja ye-EV.

IBhodi yoLawulo

Ibhodi yolawulo yingqondo yesikhululo sokutshaja. Ilawula inkqubo yokutshaja kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ibhetri ye-EV ikhuselekile kwaye iyasebenza. Ibhodi yokulawula eyilwe kakuhle ibalulekile ekuthembekeni nasekukhuselekeni kwesikhululo sokutshaja. Ngokuqhelekileyo iqulethe i-microcontroller, i-voltage kunye ne-sensor zangoku, ii-relays, kunye nezinye izinto.

Imisebenzi yebhodi yolawulo

Ibhodi yolawulo yenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo eqinisekisa ukutshaja okukhuselekileyo nokufanelekileyo kwezithuthi zombane. Eminye yale misebenzi ibandakanya:

Ukulawula ukutshaja okwangoku kunye nombane:Ilawula yangoku kunye ne-voltage enikezelwe kwibhetri ye-EV ngokusekwe kwimeko yokutshaja, ubushushu, umthamo webhetri, kunye nezinye izinto. Kwaye iqinisekisa ukutshaja ibhetri ngokufanelekileyo ukwandisa ubomi bayo kunye nokuthintela umonakalo.

Ukunxibelelana ne-EV:Ibhodi yokulawula inxibelelana nekhompyuter ye-EV ekwibhodi ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi malunga nemeko yebhetri, izinga lokutshaja, kunye nezinye iiparamitha. Olu nxibelelwano luvumela isikhululo sokutshaja ukuba siphucule inkqubo yokutshaja yemodeli ethile ye-EV.

Ukubeka iliso kwinkqubo yokutshaja:Ihlala ihlola isimo senkqubo yokutshaja, kubandakanywa umbane, okwangoku, kunye nobushushu bebhetri ye-lithium-ion kunye nesikhululo sokutshaja. Ibhodi yokulawula iphinda ibone nakuphi na ukungahambi kakuhle kwinkqubo yokutshaja isithuthi sombane sokongeza. Kuthatha amanyathelo afanelekileyo ukuthintela iingozi zokhuseleko, ezinjengokumisa ukutshaja okanye ukunciphisa umsinga.

Ukubaluleka kwebhodi yolawulo eyilwe kakuhle yokhuseleko nokuthembeka

Ibhodi yokulawula eyilwe kakuhle ibalulekile ekukhuseleni nasekuthembekeni kwesikhululo sokutshaja isithuthi sombane ngokwaso. Iqinisekisa ukuba ibhetri ye-EV ihlawuliswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye inqande ukugqithiswa okanye ukutshaja, okungonakalisa ibhetri. Kwelinye icala, ibhodi yokulawula eyilwe kakubi kwizitishi zokutshaja inokukhokelela ekutshajisweni ngendlela engafanelekanga, ukonakala kwebhetri, okanye nakwiingozi zokhuseleko ezinjengomlilo okanye ukothuka kombane. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukukhetha isikhululo sokutshaja esinebhodi yolawulo eyilwe kakuhle kwaye ulandele imiyalelo yomenzi wokutshaja okukhuselekileyo nokufanelekileyo.

Indawo yomsebenzisi

Ujongano lomsebenzisi luyinxalenye yesikhululo sokutshaja apho umsebenzisi anxibelelana naso. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya isikrini, amaqhosha, okanye ezinye izixhobo ezivumela umsebenzisi ukuba afake ulwazi kunye nokulawula inkqubo yokutshaja. Isikhululo sokutshaja sinokudibanisa okanye sidibanise ujongano lomsebenzisi kwisixhobo esahlukileyo.

Iintlobo zojongano lomsebenzisi

Izikhululo zokutshaja ze-EV zisebenzisa iindidi ezininzi zojongano lomsebenzisi. Ezinye zezona zixhaphakileyo ziquka:

Isikrini esibanjwayo:Ujongano lwescreen esichukumisayo sivumela umsebenzisi ukuba alawule inkqubo yokutshaja ngokucofa kwiscreen. Ingabonisa ulwazi olwahlukeneyo malunga nenkqubo yokutshaja, njengemo yokutshaja, ixesha eliseleyo, kunye neendleko.

I-app yeselula:I-interface ye-app yeselula ivumela abasebenzisi ukulawula inkqubo yokutshaja usebenzisa i-smartphone okanye ithebhulethi. I-app inokubonelela ngolwazi lwexesha lokwenyani malunga nenkqubo yokutshaja, ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba baqalise, bayeke, okanye bacwangcise intlawulo bekude.

Umfundi wekhadi le-RFID:Ujongano lokufunda ikhadi le-RFID livumela abasebenzisi ukuba baqalise iseshoni yokutshaja ngokuswayipha ikhadi le-RFID okanye i-fob. Isikhululo sokutshaja siyaliqaphela ikhadi lomsebenzisi kwaye siqalisa inkqubo yokutshaja.

Ukubaluleka kojongano olusebenziseka lula ukuze kube lula ukuyisebenzisa

Ujongano olusebenziseka lula luyimfuneko ukuze kube lula ukusetyenziswa kunye namava okutshaja alungileyo. I-interface eyilwe kakuhle kufuneka ibe yi-intuitive, ilula ukuhamba, kwaye inike ulwazi olucacileyo nolufutshane malunga nenkqubo yokutshaja. Kufuneka kwakhona ifikeleleke kubo bonke abasebenzisi, kubandakanywa nabo bakhubazekileyo okanye ukuhamba okulinganiselweyo. Kwaye ujongano olusebenzisekayo lunokunceda ukunciphisa iimpazamo zabasebenzisi kunye nokuthintela iingozi zokhuseleko. Ngokomzekelo, iqhosha lokumisa likaxakeka elicacileyo nelibalaseleyo linokuvumela umsebenzisi ukuba ayeke inkqubo yokutshaja kwimeko yongxamiseko ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuqukumbela

Ukuqukumbela, iitshaja ze-EV ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoluhlu lwe-EV kunye neziseko zokutshaja ngokwazo, kwaye ukuqonda amacandelo azo aphambili kubalulekile ekukhetheni itshaja efanelekileyo. Unikezelo lwamandla, intambo yokutshaja, isinxibelelanisi, ibhodi yokulawula, kunye nojongano lomsebenzisi zizinto eziphambili zeetshaja ze-EV, nganye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokutshaja. Ukukhetha iitshaja ezinamalungu afanelekileyo ukuze kutshajiswe kusebenze ngokugqibeleleyo kubalulekile. Njengoko imfuno yee-EVs kunye nezikhululo zokutshaja zikhula, ukuqonda la macandelo kuya kubaluleka ngakumbi kubanini bee-EV kunye namashishini.