IiNdlela eziSetyenziswayo zokuTjaja

Ngelixa uninzi lwemfuno yokutshaja okwangoku ihlangatyezwa kukutshaja kwekhaya, iitshaja ezifikeleleka esidlangalaleni ziya zifuneka ngakumbi ukuze kubonelelwe ngenqanaba elifanayo lokulungela kunye nokufikeleleka njengokugalela amafutha kwizithuthi eziqhelekileyo. Kwiindawo ezixineneyo zasezidolophini, ngokukodwa, apho ufikelelo kwintlawulo yezindlu lunyiniweyo, iziseko ezingundoqo zokutshaja zikawonke-wonke yeyona nto ingundoqo evumela ukwamkelwa kwe-EV. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, bekukho i-2.7 yezigidi zeendawo zokuhlawulisa uluntu kwihlabathi jikelele, ngaphezu kwe-900 000 yazo yafakelwe ngo-2022, malunga nokunyuka kwe-55% kwi-stock ka-2021, kwaye xa kuthelekiswa nesantya sokukhula kwangaphambili kwe-bhubhane ye-50% phakathi kuka-2015 kunye no-2015. 2019.

Iitshaja ezicothayo

Ehlabathini jikelele, ngaphezu kwe-600 000 yeendawo zokutshaja ezicothayo zoluntu1zifakwe ngo-2022, ezingama-360 000 zazo zazise-China, zizisa isitokhwe seetshaja ezicothayo kweli lizwe ngaphezu kwesigidi esi-1. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, i-China yayilikhaya ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sesitokhwe sehlabathi seetshaja ezicothayo zikawonke-wonke.

IYurophu ikwindawo yesibini, kunye ne-460 000 iyonke yeetshaja ezicothayo ngo-2022, ukwanda kwe-50% ukusuka kunyaka ophelileyo. I-Netherlands ikhokela eYurophu nge-117 000, ilandelwa malunga ne-74 000 eFransi kunye ne-64 000 eJamani. Isitokhwe seetshaja ezicothayo eMelika sinyuke nge-9% ngo-2022, elona zinga lokukhula lisezantsi phakathi kweemarike ezinkulu. E-Korea, isitokhwe sokutshaja kancinci siphindeke kabini unyaka nonyaka, sifikelele kwi-184 000 amanqaku okutshaja.

Iitshaja ezikhawulezayo

Iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ezifikeleleka kuwonke-wonke, ngakumbi ezo zibekwe ecaleni kwendlela, zivumela uhambo olude kwaye zikwazi ukujongana noluhlu lwamaxhala, umqobo wokwamkelwa kwe-EV. Njengeetshaja ezicothayo, iitshaja ezikhawulezayo zikawonke-wonke zikwabonelela ngezisombululo zokutshaja kubathengi abangenalo ufikelelo oluthembekileyo kwintlawulo yabucala, ngaloo ndlela bekhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwe-EV kwiindawo ezibanzi zabemi. Inani leetshaja ezikhawulezayo linyuke ngama-330 000 kwihlabathi jikelele ngo-2022, nangona kwakhona uninzi (phantse lwama-90%) lokukhula luvela e-China. Ukusasazwa kokutshaja okukhawulezayo kuhlawulela ukunqongophala kofikelelo kwiitshaja zamakhaya kwizixeko ezinabemi abaninzi kwaye kuxhasa iinjongo zaseTshayina zokusasazwa kwe-EV ngokukhawuleza. I-China yenza i-760 000 yeetshaja ezikhawulezayo zizonke, kodwa ngaphezulu kwemfumba yemfumba ebiza ngokukhawuleza yoluntu ibekwe kumaphondo alishumi kuphela.

EYurophu isitokhwe setshaja ekhawulezayo sisonke saba ngaphezu kwama-70 000 ekupheleni kuka-2022, ukwanda okumalunga ne-55% xa kuthelekiswa no-2021. Amazwe anesona sitokhwe sikhulu setshaja ekhawulezayo yiJamani (ngaphezu kwe-12 000), iFransi (9 700) neNorway. (9 000). Kukho umnqweno ocacileyo kwi-European Union yokuqhubela phambili ukuphuhlisa iziseko ezingundoqo zokutshaja, njengoko kubonisiwe kwisivumelwano sexeshana malunga noMthetho ocetywayo we-Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), eya kuseka iimfuno zokutshaja kombane kwi-trans-European network-transport (TEN) -T) phakathi kweBhanki yoTyalo-mali yaseYurophu kunye neKhomishini yaseYurophu iya kwenza ngaphezulu kwe-EUR 1.5 yebhiliyoni efumanekayo ekupheleni kuka-2023 kwezinye izakhiwo zamafutha, kuquka ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kombane.

I-United States ifake i-6 300 yeetshaja ezikhawulezayo ngo-2022, malunga nekota yesithathu yazo yayiyi-Tesla Supercharger. Isitokhwe sisonke seetshaja ezikhawulezayo zafikelela kuma-28 000 ekupheleni kuka-2022. Ukusasazwa komsebenzi kulindeleke ukuba kukhawuleziswe kwiminyaka ezayo emva kokuvunywa ngurhulumente kwe (NEVI). Onke amazwe aseMelika, iWashington DC, kunye nePuerto Rico athatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo, kwaye sele yabelwe i-USD 885 yezigidi ngenkxaso-mali ka-2023 ukuxhasa ukwakhiwa kweetshaja kumgama we-122 000 km wohola wendlela. I-US Federal Highway Administration ibhengeze imigangatho emitsha yesizwe yeetshaja ze-EV ezixhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana, ukuthembeka, ukufikeleleka kunye nokuhambelana. kwimigangatho emitsha, uTesla ubhengeze ukuba uya kuvula inxalenye ye-Supercharger yayo yase-US (apho i-Supercharger imele i-60% yesitokhwe esipheleleyo seeshaja ezikhawulezayo e-United States) kunye ne-Destination Charger network to non-Tesla EVs.

Iindawo zokutshaja zikawonke-wonke ziya zifuneka ngamandla ukwenzela ukuba kuthathwe i-EV ebanzi

Ukusasazwa kweziseko ezingundoqo zokuhlawulisa uluntu kulindelo lokukhula kwintengiso ye-EV ibalulekile kulwamkelo lwe-EV olubanzi. E-Norway, umzekelo, kwakukho malunga ne-1.3 yeebhetri zombane ze-LDV kwindawo yokutshaja kawonke-wonke ngo-2011, exhasa ukwamkelwa okungakumbi. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, ngaphezulu kwe-17% yee-LDVs ii-BEVs, bekukho ii-BEV ezingama-25 kwindawo yokutshaja yoluntu eNorway. Ngokubanzi, njengoko isabelo sesitokhwe seebhetri zombane zeLDVs sikhula, indawo yokutshaja ngokwe-BEV ratio iyehla. Ukukhula kwiintengiso ze-EV kunokugcinwa kuphela ukuba imfuno yokutshaja ihlangatyezwana neziseko ezingundoqo ezifikelelekayo nezifikelelekayo, nokuba kungentlawulo yabucala ezindlini okanye emsebenzini, okanye kwizikhululo zokutshaja ezifikeleleka esidlangalaleni.

Umlinganiselo wee-LDV zombane ngetshaja yoluntu nganye

Indawo yokutshaja kawonke-wonke ngokomlinganiselo webhetri-yombane we-LDV kumazwe akhethiweyo ngokuchasene nesabelo sesitokhwe sebhetri yombane we-LDV

Ngelixa ii-PHEVs zingaxhomekekanga kancinane kwiziseko ezingundoqo zokuhlawuliswa kukawonke-wonke kunee-BEV, ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo onxulumene nokufumaneka okwaneleyo kweendawo zokutshaja kufuneka kubandakanye (kwaye kukhuthaze) ukubizwa kwe-PHEV yoluntu. Ukuba inani lilonke lee-LDV zombane kwindawo yokutshaja iyaqwalaselwa, i-avareji yehlabathi ngo-2022 yayimalunga nee-EV ezilishumi ngetshaja nganye. Amazwe afana neTshayina, iKorea neNetherlands agcine ii-EV ezingaphantsi kweshumi kwitshaja nganye kwiminyaka edluleyo. Kumazwe axhomekeke kakhulu kwintlawulo kawonke-wonke, inani leetshaja ezifikelelekayo eluntwini liye landa ngesantya esihambelana nokusasazwa kwe-EV.

Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimarike eziphawulwe ngokufumaneka ngokubanzi kwentlawulo yekhaya (ngenxa yesabelo esikhulu sezindlu zosapho olunye kunye nethuba lokufaka itshaja) inani lee-EV kwindawo yokutshaja kawonke-wonke linokuba phezulu nangaphezulu. Ngokomzekelo, e-United States, umlinganiselo we-EV ngeshaja nganye yi-24, kwaye eNorway ingaphezulu kwe-30. Njengoko ukungena kweemarike ze-EVs kwanda, ukuhlawuliswa koluntu kubaluleke kakhulu, nakula mazwe, ukuxhasa ukwamkelwa kwe-EV phakathi kwabaqhubi. abangakwaziyo ukufikelela kwizindlu zabucala okanye iindlela zokutshaja kwindawo yokusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wee-EVs kwitshaja nganye uya kwahluka ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zendawo kunye neemfuno zomqhubi.

Mhlawumbi okubaluleke ngaphezu kwenani leetshaja zikawonke-wonke ezifumanekayo sisimbuku samandla okutshaja kawonke-wonke kwi-EV nganye, ngenxa yokuba iitshaja ezikhawulezayo zinokubonelela ngee-EV ezininzi kuneetshaja ezicothayo. Ngexesha lamanqanaba okuqala okwamkelwa kwe-EV, iyavakala into yokuba amandla okutshaja akhoyo nge-EV nganye abephezulu, kucingwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwetshaja kuya kuba sezantsi kakhulu de imarike ivuthwe kwaye nokusetyenziswa kweziseko zophuhliso kusebenze ngakumbi. Ngokuhambelana noku, iManyano yaseYurophu kwi-AFIR ibandakanya iimfuno zomthamo opheleleyo wamandla oza kubonelelwa ngokusekelwe kubungakanani bezithuthi ezibhalisiweyo.

Kwihlabathi jikelele, umndilili wokutshaja kwamandla oluntu nge-LDV yombane nganye umalunga ne-2.4 kW nge-EV nganye. Kwi-European Union, umlinganiselo uphantsi, kunye nomyinge ojikeleze i-1.2 kW nge-EV nganye. I-Korea inomlinganiselo ophezulu we-7 kW nge-EV nganye, nangona uninzi lweetshaja zikawonke-wonke (90%) zizitshaja ezicothayo.

Inani lee-LDV zombane kwindawo yokutshaja kawonke-wonke kunye ne-kW nge-LDV yombane ngo-2022

Vula

Inani lee-LDV zombane kwindawo yokutshaja kW yokutshaja kombane kawonke-wonke nge-LDVsI-New ZealandI-Iceland e-Australiai-Brazili-JamaniI-USedikwi-United Statesi-PortugalI-United Kingdom e-i-Canada e-Finlande-Japani-ThailandI-European Union e-France-e-MexicoBel-i-Italiyali-I-Italiya-e-AfrikaEMzantsi AfrikaI-ChileGreece-eNetherlandsKorea0816243240485666472808809610.4.472808809610.4. 66.67.27.8

• I-EV / EVSE (i-axis esezantsi)
• kW / EV (i-axis ephezulu)

Kwimimandla apho iilori zombane zifumaneka ngokurhweba, iilori zombane zebhetri zinokukhuphisana ngesiseko se-TCO kunye neelori zedizili eziqhelekileyo kuluhlu olukhulayo lwemisebenzi, kungekhona nje kuphela kwidolophu kunye nommandla, kodwa nakwiindawo zetrekta-trailer zengingqi kunye neendawo ezihamba ixesha elide. . Iiparamitha ezintathu ezimisela ixesha ekufikelelwe kulo ziirhafu; iindleko zepetroli nezokusebenza (umz. umahluko phakathi kwamaxabiso edizili nawombane abajongene nawo abaqhubi beelori, kunye nokucuthwa kweendleko zokuyilungisa); kunye nenkxaso-mali ye-CAPEX ukunciphisa umsantsa kwixabiso lokuthenga isithuthi kwangaphambili. Ekubeni iilori zombane zinokubonelela ngokusebenza okufanayo kunye neendleko zobomi obuphantsi (kubandakanywa ukuba isantya esincitshisiweyo sisetyenzisiwe), apho abanikazi bezithuthi balindele ukubuyisela iindleko zangaphambili yinto ephambili ekunqumeni ukuba uthenge iloli yombane okanye eqhelekileyo.

Uqoqosho lweelori zombane kwizicelo zomgama omde zingaphuculwa kakhulu ukuba iindleko zokutshaja zinokuncitshiswa ngokunyusa "i-off-shift" (umzekelo: ixesha lasebusuku okanye amanye amaxesha amade okungasebenzi) ukutshaja okucothayo, ukukhusela izivumelwano zokuthenga isambuku kunye nabaqhubi begridi “ishift ephakathi” (umz. ngexesha lekhefu), isantya (ukuya kuma-350 kW), okanye isantya esiphezulu (>350 kW) ukutshaja, nokujonga ukutshajisa ngobuchule kunye namathuba emoto ukuya kwigridi ukuze ufumane ingeniso eyongezelelweyo.

Iilori zombane kunye neebhasi ziya kuxhomekeka kwintlawulo ye-off-shift kuninzi lwamandla azo. Oku kuya kuphunyezwa ubukhulu becala kwiindawo zokugcina ukutshaja zabucala okanye ezikwisiqingatha sabucala okanye kwizikhululo zikawonke-wonke koohola bendlela, kwaye rhoqo ngobusuku. Iindawo zokugcina umbane eziya kunceda ukukhula kwemfuno yombane onzima kakhulu kuya kufuneka ukuba ziphuhliswe, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi zinokufuna ukuhanjiswa nokuphuculwa kwegridi. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zoluhlu lwezithuthi, ukutshajiswa kwedepho kuyakwanela ukugubungela uninzi lwemisebenzi yeebhasi zasezidolophini kunye nemisebenzi yelori zasedolophini nezengingqi.

Imimiselo egunyazisa amaxesha okuphumla inokubonelela ngefestile yexesha lokutshaja kweshift ephakathi ukuba iinketho zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza okanye ezikhawulezayo ziyafumaneka endleleni: i-European Union idinga imizuzu ye-45 yekhefu emva kweeyure ze-4.5 zokuqhuba; iUnited States igunyaza imizuzu engama-30 emva kweeyure ezisi-8.

Uninzi lwezikhululo zokutshaja ezikhawulezayo ezifumaneka kurhwebo ngoku (DC) zinika amandla amanqanaba ombane ukusuka kuma-250-350 kW. efikelelwe liBhunga laseYurophu kunye nePalamente ibandakanya inkqubo kancinane yokusasazwa kweziseko zophuhliso zombane izithuthi ezinobunzima obuqala ngo-2025. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lweemfuno zamandla kwingingqi kunye nokusebenza kweelori ezinde e-US naseYurophu zifumanisa ukuba amandla okutshaja angaphezulu kwe-350 kW. , kwaye ukuphakama njenge-1 MW, kunokufuneka ukuba ugcwalise ngokupheleleyo iilori zombane ngexesha lekhefu lemizuzu engama-30 ukuya kuma-45.

Ukuyiqonda imfuneko yokunyuka ngokukhawuleza okanye ngokukhawuleza ukutshaja njengento efunekayo ekwenzeni zombini imimandla kwaye, ngakumbi, imisebenzi ethabatha ixesha elide ngokobugcisa kunye noqoqosho olusebenzayo, ngo-2022 iTraton, iVolvo, kunye noDaimler baseka intsebenziswano ezimeleyo, kunye ne-EUR 500. izigidi zotyalo-mali oludityanelweyo oluvela kumaqela amathathu emveliso enzima, eli nyathelo lijolise ekusasazeni ngaphezulu kwe-1 700 ngokukhawuleza (300 ukuya kuma-350 kW) kunye neendawo zokutshaja ezikhawulezayo (1 MW) kwiYurophu iphela.

Imigangatho yokutshaja emininzi iyasetyenziswa ngoku, kwaye iinkcukacha zobugcisa zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza ziphantsi kophuhliso. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhlangana okuphezulu okunokwenzeka kwemigangatho yokutshaja kunye nokusebenzisana kwee-EV ezinomthwalo onzima kuya kufuneka ukuphepha iindleko, ukungasebenzi, kunye nemingeni kubathumeli bezithuthi kunye nabaqhubi bamazwe ngamazwe abaya kudalwa ngabavelisi abalandela iindlela ezahlukeneyo.

E-China, abaphuhlisi beBhunga loMbane lase-China kunye ne-CHAdeMO "i-ultra ChaoJi" baphuhlisa umgangatho wokutshaja kwiimoto zombane ezinomsebenzi onzima ukuya kwii-megawatts ezininzi. EYurophu nase-United States, iinkcukacha ze-CharIN Megawatt Charging System (MCS), enamandla amakhulu anokubakho. ziphantsi kophuhliso yi-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) kunye neminye imibutho. Iinkcukacha zokugqibela ze-MCS, eziya kufunwa ukuqaliswa korhwebo, zilindeleke ngo-2024. Emva kwesiza sokuqala sokutshaja iimegawathi ezibonelelwa yiDaimler Trucks kunye nePortland General Electric (PGE) ngo-2021, kunye notyalo-mali kunye neeprojekthi e-Austria, eSweden. , iSpeyin kunye neUnited Kingdom.

Ukurhweba kweetshaja ezinamandla ombane oyi-1 MW kuya kufuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo, njengoko izikhululo ezineemfuno zamandla aphezulu ziya kuba neendleko ezinkulu ekufakeni nasekuphuculeni igridi. Ukuhlaziya iimodeli zoshishino zamandla ombane kawonke-wonke kunye nemigaqo yecandelo lamandla, ulungelelwaniso locwangciso kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo kunye nokutshaja ngobuchule konke kunokunceda Inkxaso ethe ngqo ngeeprojekthi zolingo kunye nenkuthazo yemali inokukhawulezisa ukubonakaliswa kunye nokwamkelwa kumanqanaba okuqala. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubalula uqwalaselo loyilo oluphambili ekuphuhliseni izikhululo zokutshaja ezilinganiselwe nge-MCS:

• Ukucwangcisa izikhululo zokutshaja kwiindawo zokugcina uhola wendlela kufutshane neentambo zothumelo kunye nezikhululo ezincinci zingasisisombululo esisiso sokunciphisa iindleko kunye nokunyusa ukusetyenziswa kwetshaja.
• Udibaniso “lobukhulu obufanelekileyo” kunye noqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo kwiintambo zothumelo kwangethuba, ngaloo ndlela kulindelwe iimfuno zamandla enkqubo apho izabelo eziphezulu zomsebenzi wempahla ziye zafakelwa umbane, kunokuphucula iigridi zokusasaza kwi-ad-hoc nakwixesha elifutshane. isiseko, kuya kubaluleka ukunciphisa iindleko. Oku kuya kufuna ucwangciso olucwangcisiweyo nolulungelelanisiweyo phakathi kwabasebenzisi begridi kunye nabaphuhlisi beziseko ezingundoqo abahlawulisa kumacandelo onke.
• Ekubeni uqhagamshelo lwenkqubo yothumelo kunye nokuphuculwa kwegridi kunokuthatha iminyaka emi-4-8, indawo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezikhululo zokutshaja eziphambili kuya kufuneka ziqalise ngokukhawuleza.

Izisombululo ziquka ukufakela ugcino olumileyo kunye nokudibanisa umthamo ohlaziyekayo wendawo, kudityaniswe nokutshaja okuhlakaniphile, okunokunceda ukunciphisa zombini iindleko zeziseko ezingundoqo ezinxulumene noqhagamshelo lwegridi kunye neendleko zokuthengwa kombane (umzekelo ngokwenza abaqhubi beelori ukuba banciphise iindleko ngokutshintshana kwexabiso lentengo imini yonke, ukuthatha inzuzo. yamathuba esithuthi ukuya kwigridi, njl. njl.).

Olunye ukhetho lokubonelela ngamandla kwizithuthi zombane zombane (HDVs) kukutshintsha kweebhetri kunye neenkqubo zendlela zombane. Iinkqubo zendlela zombane zinokugqithisela umbane kwilori mhlawumbi ngokusebenzisa iikhoyili ze-inductive endleleni, okanye ngoqhagamshelo lwe-conductive phakathi kwesithuthi nendlela, okanye nge-catenary (overhead) imigca. ICatenary kunye nolunye ukhetho lokutshaja oluguquguqukayo lunokuba nesithembiso sokunciphisa iindleko zeyunivesiti yenqanaba lenkqubo kwinguqulelo ukuya kwiilori zengingqi kunye neelori ezihamba ixesha elide, ukugqiba ngokuncomekayo ngokwemali eyinkunzi iyonke kunye neendleko zokusebenza. Zinokunceda nasekunciphiseni iimfuno zebhetri. Imfuno yebhetri ingancitshiswa ngakumbi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kuphuculwe ngakumbi, ukuba iinkqubo zendlela zombane ziyilelwe ukuba zingahambelani neelori kuphela kodwa kunye neemoto zombane. Nangona kunjalo, iindlela ezinjalo zinokufuna uyilo olusebenzayo okanye lwangaphakathi oluza nemiqobo emikhulu malunga nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji kunye noyilo, kwaye lufuna imali eninzi kakhulu. Kwangaxeshanye, iinkqubo zendlela zombane zibeka imingeni ebalulekileyo efana neyecandelo likaloliwe, kubandakanywa nesidingo esikhulu somgangatho weendlela kunye nezithuthi (njengoko kubonisiwe ngeetram kunye neebhasi zetroli), ukuhambelana kwimida yohambo olude, kunye neziseko zoncedo ezifanelekileyo. iimodeli zobunini. Babonelela ngokuguquguquka okuncinci kubanikazi belori ngokweendlela kunye neentlobo zezithuthi, kwaye baneendleko eziphezulu zophuhliso ngokubanzi, zonke ezichaphazela ukukhuphisana kwabo ngokumalunga nezikhululo zokutshaja rhoqo. Xa kujongwa le mingeni, ezo nkqubo ziya kuthi zisiwe kuqala kwiipaseji zempahla ezisetyenziswa kakhulu, nto leyo eya kubandakanya ulungelelwaniso olusondeleyo kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo abahlukeneyo bakarhulumente nababucala. Uqhanqalazo ezindleleni zikawonke-wonke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku eJamani naseSweden luxhomekeke kwiintshatsheli ezivela kumaziko abucala nakawonke-wonke. Iminxeba yabaqhubi bendlela yombane iyaqwalaselwa e-China, e-Indiya, e-UK nase-United States.

Iimfuno zokutshaja kwiimoto ezinomthwalo onzima

Uhlalutyo lweBhunga laMazwe ngaMazwe kuThutho oluCocekileyo (ICCT) lucebisa ukuba ukutshintshiselana kwebhetri kumbane onamavili amabini kwiinkonzo zeeteksi (umz. iiteksi zebhayisekile) ibonelela ngeyona TCO inokhuphiswano xa kuthelekiswa nokutshaja kwamanqaku eBEV okanye ii-ICE ezinamavili amabini. Kwimeko yonikezelo lweemayile zokugqibela ngevili elinamavili amabini, ukutshaja kwamanqaku okwangoku kunenzuzo ye-TCO ngaphezulu kokutshintsha kwebhetri, kodwa ngenkuthazo efanelekileyo yenkqubo kunye nesikali, ukutshintshisa kunokuba lukhetho olusebenzayo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ngokubanzi, njengoko umyinge wemihla ngemihla owuhambileyo usanda, ibhetri yombane enamavili amabini etshintshiweyo yebhetri iba noqoqosho ngakumbi kunokutshaja indawo okanye izithuthi zepetroli. Ngo-2021, i-Swappable Batteries Motorcycle Consortium yasekwa ngenjongo yokulungelelanisa ukutshintshwa kwebhetri yezithuthi ezinobunzima bokukhanya, kubandakanywa iivili ezimbini / ezintathu, ngokusebenzisana kwiinkcukacha zebhetri eziqhelekileyo.

Ukutshintsha ibhetri yombane weevili ezimbini/ezinamavili amathathu kuya kukhula ngakumbi eIndiya. Ngoku kukho iinkampani ezingaphezu kweshumi ezahlukeneyo kwimarike yaseIndiya, kubandakanya uGogoro, isithuthuthu sombane saseTshayina eTaipei kunye nenkokeli yetekhnoloji yokutshintsha ibhetri. UGogoro ubanga amandla eebhetri zakhe ngama-90% eescooters zombane eTaipei yaseTshayina, kwaye uthungelwano lukaGogoro lunezikhululo zokutshintsha iibhetri ezingaphezu kwama-12 000 ukuxhasa ngaphezu kwama-500 000 ombane onamavili amabini kumazwe alithoba, ingakumbi kummandla wase-Asia Pacific. Ngoku uGogoro usenzile intsebenziswano kunye ne-India-based Zypp Electric, eqhuba i-EV-as-a-platform yenkonzo yokuhanjiswa kokugqibela; kunye, bahambisa izikhululo zokutshintsha iibhetri ze-6 kunye ne-100 yombane onamavili amabini njengenxalenye yeprojekthi yokulinga yeshishini-ukuya-kwishishini ukuhanjiswa kweemayile zokugqibela kwisixeko saseDelhi. Ekuqaleni kuka-2023, baye baphakamisa, abaza kuzisebenzisa ukwandisa izithuthi zabo ukuya kuma-200 000 ombane onamavili amabini kwizixeko zase-Indiya ezingama-30 ngo-2025. zombane ezimbini- kunye namavili amathathu, kuquka e-rickshaws, kunye namaqabane ezifana Amazon India. I-Thailand ikwabona kwiinkonzo zokutshintsha ibhetri kwiiteksi zezithuthuthu kunye nabaqhubi bokuhambisa.

Ngelixa uninzi luxhaphakile e-Asiya, ukutshintshiselana kwebhetri kwivili lombane elinamavili amabini nako kunwenwela eAfrika. Umzekelo, ukuqaliswa kwesithuthuthu sombane saseRwanda kusebenzisa izikhululo zokutshintsha iibhetri, kugxilwe ekukhonzeni imisebenzi yeeteksi zezithuthuthu ezifuna uluhlu olude lwemihla ngemihla. I-Ampersand yakhe izikhululo zokutshintsha iibhetri ezilishumi eKigali nezithathu eNairobi, eKenya. Ezi zikhululo zisebenza kufutshane nama-37 000 okutshintsha iibhetri ngenyanga.

Ukutshintshela ibhetri ezimbini/ezinamavili amathathu kunika inzuzo yeendleko

Kwiilori ngokukodwa, ukutshintsha ibhetri kunokuba neenzuzo ezinkulu phezu kokutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Okokuqala, ukutshintshiselana kungathatha kancinane, okuya kuba nzima kwaye kubize kakhulu ukufezekiswa ngokutshaja okusekwe kwintambo, kufuna itshaja ekhawuleza kakhulu eqhagamshelwe kwiigridi ezinombane ophakathi ukuya kweziphezulu kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri ezibizayo kunye neekhemistri zebhetri. Ukunqanda ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunokwandisa umthamo webhetri, ukusebenza kunye nobomi bomjikelezo.

Ibhetri-as-a-service (BaaS), ukwahlula ukuthengwa kwelori kunye nebhetri, kunye nokuseka ikhontrakthi yokuqeshisa ibhetri, kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokuthenga kwangaphambili. Ukongeza, ekubeni iilori zikholisa ukuxhomekeka kwi-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) iikhemistri zebhetri, ezihlala ixesha elide kuneebhetri ze-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), zifaneleke ngokutshintshisa ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nokufikeleleka.

Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso lokwakha isikhululo liya kuba phezulu ekutshintsheni ibhetri yelori xa kujongwa ubungakanani besithuthi esikhulu kunye neebhetri ezinzima, ezifuna indawo engaphezulu kunye nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ukwenza utshintsho. Omnye umqobo omkhulu yimfuneko yokuba iibhetri zibekwe emgangathweni kubungakanani obunikiweyo kunye nomthamo, apho ii-OEMs zelori ezinokuthi ziwubone njengomngeni kukhuphiswano njengoyilo lwebhetri kunye nomthamo ngumahluli ophambili phakathi kwabavelisi belori zombane.

I-China iphambili ekutshintsheni iibhetri kwiilori ngenxa yenkxaso ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obulungiselelwe ukuhambelana nokutshaja kweentambo. Ngo-2021, i-MIIT yaseTshayina yabhengeza ukuba inani lezixeko liza kuqhuba itekhnoloji yokutshintsha ibhetri, kubandakanya nokutshintsha kwebhetri ye-HDV kwizixeko ezithathu. Phantse bonke abavelisi abakhulu beelori ezinzima baseTshayina, kubandakanya iFAW, CAMC, Dongfeng, Jiangling Motors Corporation Limited (JMC), Shanxi Automobile, kunye neSAIC.

I-China iphambili ekutshintsheni ibhetri kwiilori

I-China ikwayinkokeli ekutshintsheni ibhetri kwiimoto zabakhweli. Kuzo zonke iindlela, inani elipheleleyo lezikhululo zokutshintsha ibhetri e-China bema phantse ekupheleni kuka-2022, i-50% ephezulu kunokuphela kuka-2021. I-NIO, evelisa iimoto ezikwazi ukutshintsha ibhetri kunye nezikhululo zokutshintsha ezixhasayo, ziqhuba ngaphezu e-China, ingxelo yokuba uthungelwano lugubungela ngaphezu kwesibini kwisithathu selizwe laseTshayina. Isiqingatha sezikhululo zabo zokutshintshiselana zafakelwa ngo-2022, kwaye inkampani izibekele usukelo lwezikhululo zokutshintsha iibhetri ezingama-4 000 kwihlabathi jikelele ngowama-2025. 20-80 kW.

I-NIO iphinde yabhengeza izicwangciso zokwakha izikhululo zokutshintsha ibhetri eYurophu njengoko iimodeli zabo zeemoto ezitshintshisa ibhetri ziye zafumaneka kwiimarike zaseYurophu ngasekupheleni kuka-2022. Isikhululo sokuqala sokutshintsha ibhetri e-NIO eSweden savulwa kwaye ekupheleni kuka-2022, i-NIO elishumi izikhululo zokutshintsha iibhetri ziye zavulwa kulo lonke elaseNorway, eJamani, eSweden naseNetherlands. Ngokuchaseneyo ne-NIO, izikhululo zayo zokutshintsha zibonelela ngeemoto ze-NIO, izikhululo zaseTshayina zokutshintsha ibhetri izikhululo zeAulton zixhasa iimodeli ezingama-30 ezivela kwiinkampani zezithuthi ezili-16 ezahlukeneyo.

Ukutshintsha ibhetri inokuba lolona khetho lunomtsalane kakhulu kwiinqwelo zeeteksi ze-LDV, ezisebenza ngobuthathaka kumaxesha okuhlaziya kuneemoto zomntu. Ukuqaliswa kwe-Ample yase-US kungoku nje isebenzisa izikhululo zokutshintsha iibhetri ezili-12 kwindawo yaseSan Francisco Bay, ingakumbi ebonelela ngeemoto ze-Uber rideshare.

I-China ikwayinkokeli ekutshintsheni ibhetri kwiimoto zabakhweli

Iimbekiselo

Iitshaja ezicothayo zinemilinganiselo yamandla angaphantsi okanye alingana nama-22 kW. Iitshaja ezikhawulezayo zezo zinamandla angaphezulu kwama-22 kW ukuya kuma-350 kW. "Iindawo zokutshaja" kunye "neetshaja" zisetyenziselwa ukutshintshisana kwaye zibhekisela kwiisokethi zokutshaja zomntu ngamnye, ezibonisa inani le-EVs ezinokubiza ngexesha elifanayo. ''Izikhululo zokutshaja” zinokuba neendawo zokutshaja ezininzi.

Ngaphambili umyalelo, i-AFIR ecetywayo, xa ivunyiwe ngokusesikweni, yayiza kuba ngumthetho obophelelayo, omisela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, umgama omkhulu phakathi kweetshaja ezifakelwe ecaleni kwe-TEN-T, iindlela eziphambili nezisesibini kwiManyano yaseYurophu.

Izisombululo ze-inductive zingaphaya kokurhweba kwaye zijongene nemingeni yokuhambisa amandla awoneleyo kwizantya zendlela.