Amathuba eMarike yase-Indonesia yoThengiso lwe-EV kunye nokuVeliswa

I-Indonesia ikhuphisana namazwe afana neThailand kunye ne-Indiya ukuphuhlisa ishishini lezithuthi zombane, kwaye ibonelele ngenye indlela enokusetyenziswa e-China, umvelisi we-EV obalaseleyo kwihlabathi. Ilizwe lithemba ukuba ukufikelela kwayo kwizinto eziluhlaza kunye nomthamo wemizi-mveliso kuya kuyivumela ukuba ibe sisiseko sokukhuphisana kwabenzi be-EV kwaye ivumele ukuba yakhe ikhonkco lokubonelela lendawo. Imigaqo-nkqubo exhasayo ikho ukukhuthaza utyalo-mali lwemveliso kunye nokuthengiswa kwee-EVs zasekuhlaleni.

Imbonakalo yemarike yasekhaya
I-Indonesia isebenza ngenkuthalo ukuseka ubukho obubonakalayo ngaphakathi kwishishini lemoto yombane (EV), ngenjongo yokufikelela kwi-2.5 yezigidi zabasebenzisi bezithuthi zombane ngo-2025.

Nangona kunjalo, idatha yentengiso icebisa ukuba inguqu kwimikhwa yabathengi bemoto iya kuthatha ixesha. Iimoto zombane zenza ngaphantsi kwepesenti enye yeemoto ezindleleni zaseIndonesia, ngokwengxelo ka-Agasti yeReuters. Kunyaka ophelileyo, i-Indonesia irekhode nje i-15,400 yokuthengisa iimoto zombane kunye ne-32,000 yeentengiso zezithuthuthu zombane. Nanjengoko abaqhubi beeteksi abadumileyo abanjengoBluebird becinga ngokufunyanwa kweenqwelomoya ze-EV kwiinkampani ezinkulu ezifana ne-BYD yaseTshayina enkulu-uqikelelo lukarhulumente wase-Indonesia luya kufuna ixesha elingakumbi ukuze lube yinyani.

Noko ke, kubonakala ngathi kukho utshintsho oluthe ngcembe kwisimo sengqondo. EWest Jakarta, umthengisi we-auto PT Prima Wahana Auto Mobil uye waqaphela indlela ekhulayo yokuthengisa kwayo i-EV. Ngokutsho kommeli wentengiso yenkampani ethetha ne-China Daily ngoJuni kulo nyaka, abathengi base-Indonesia bathenga kwaye basebenzisa i-Wuling Air EV njengesithuthi sesibini, kunye neendawo zabo eziqhelekileyo ezikhoyo.

Olu hlobo lokwenziwa kwezigqibo lunokunxulunyaniswa neenkxalabo malunga neziseko ezingundoqo ezivelayo zokutshaja kwe-EV nasemva kweenkonzo zentengiso kunye noluhlu lwe-EV, olubhekiselele kwintlawulo yebhetri efunekayo ukufikelela kwindawo oya kuyo. Lilonke, iindleko ze-EV kunye neenkxalabo malunga namandla ebhetri zinokuthintela ukwamkelwa kokuqala.

Nangona kunjalo, amabhongo e-Indonesia adlulela ngaphaya kokukhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwabathengi bezithuthi zamandla acocekileyo. Ilizwe likwazama ukuzibeka njengeyona ndawo ingundoqo kunxibelelwano lwe-EV. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, i-Indonesia yeyona ndawo inkulu yentengiso yeemoto kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia kwaye ikwindawo yesibini kwiziko lemveliso elikhulu kulo mmandla, ilandela iThailand.

Kumacandelo alandelayo, siphonononga izinto eziphambili eziqhuba le pivot ye-EV kwaye sixoxe ngento eyenza i-Indonesia ibe yindawo ekhethwayo yotyalo-mali lwangaphandle kweli candelo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kunye namanyathelo enkxaso
Urhulumente kaJoko Widodo ufake imveliso ye-EV kwi-ASEAN_Indonesia_Master Plan yokukhawulezisa kunye noKwandiswa koPhuhliso loQoqosho lwase-Indonesia ngo-2011-2025 kwaye yachaza uphuhliso lweziseko zophuhliso lwe-EV kwiNarasi-RPJMN-2020-2024-versi-Bahasa-Inggris 2020-2024).

Phantsi kwesiCwangciso sowama-2020-24, ushishino kweli lizwe luza kugxila ikakhulu kwimiba emibini engundoqo: (1) ukuveliswa kwemveliso yezolimo, imichiza, kunye nesinyithi, kunye (2) nokuveliswa kweemveliso eziphakamisa ixabiso kunye nokhuphiswano. Ezi mveliso ziquka uluhlu olubanzi lwamacandelo, kuquka izithuthi zombane. Ukuphunyezwa kwesi sicwangciso kuya kuxhaswa yimigaqo-nkqubo elungelelanisiweyo kuwo onke amacandelo asezantsi, aphakathi, namaziko emfundo ephakamileyo.
Ngo-Agasti walo nyaka, i-Indonesia yabhengeza ukwandiswa kweminyaka emibini kubenzi beemoto ukuze bahlangabezane neemfuno zokufaneleka kwinkuthazo yemoto yombane. Ngemithetho emitsha yotyalo-mali esanda kwaziswa, abenzi bee-automakers banokuthembisa ngemveliso ye-40 yepesenti yeengxenye ze-EV e-Indonesia ngo-2026 ukuze bafanelekele ukufumana inkuthazo. Izibophelelo zotyalo-mali ezibalulekileyo sele zenziwe yinkampani yaseTshayina ye-Neta EV kunye neMitsubishi Motors yaseJapan. Ngeli xesha, i-PT Hyundai Motors Indonesia yazisa i-EV yayo yokuqala eyenziwe ekhaya ngo-Epreli ka-2022.

Ngaphambili, i-Indonesia yayibhengeze injongo yayo yokunciphisa imirhumo ukusuka kwi-50 yeepesenti ukuya kwi-zero kubavelisi be-EV abacinga ngotyalo-mali elizweni.

Ukubuyela emva ngo-2019, urhulumente wase-Indonesia uye wakhupha uluhlu lwezibonelelo ezijolise kubenzi bezithuthi zombane, iifemu zezothutho kunye nabathengi. Ezi zikhuthazi ziquka ukuthotywa kweerhafu zokungenisa elizweni koomatshini kunye nemathiriyeli esetyenziswa kwimveliso ye-EV kwaye zanikezela ngeenzuzo zeholide yerhafu ubuninzi beminyaka eli-10 kubavelisi be-EV abatyala ubuncinci i-5 yetriliyoni ye-rupiah (elingana ne-US$346 yezigidi) elizweni.

Urhulumente wase-Indonesia uphinde wayinciphisa kakhulu irhafu eyongeziweyo kwii-EV ukusuka kwi-11 ekhulwini ukuya kwipesenti enye kuphela. Eli nyathelo libangele ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwexabiso lokuqala kweyona Hyundai Ioniq 5 efikelelekayo, yehla ukusuka ngaphezulu kwe-US$51,000 ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-US$45,000. Olu luseluluhlu lweprimiyamu kumndilili womsebenzisi wemoto wase-Indonesia; eyona moto ixabisa kancinci enepetroli e-Indonesia, i-Daihatsu Ayla, iqala phantsi kwe-US$9,000.

Abaqhubi bokukhula kwimveliso ye-EV
Oyena mqhubi uphambili emva kokutyhala kwimveliso yemoto yombane yindawo eninzi yase-Indonesia yogcino lwemathiriyeli ekrwada.

Ilizwe ngumvelisi ohamba phambili wehlabathi we-nickel, isithako esibalulekileyo ekuvelisweni kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion, ezilolona khetho luphambili kwiipakethi zebhetri ze-EV. Oovimba be-nickel base-Indonesia bamalunga nama-22-24 ekhulwini ewonke jikelele. Ukongezelela, ilizwe linokufikelela kwi-cobalt, eyandisa ixesha lokuphila kweebhetri ze-EV, kunye ne-bauxite, esetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwe-aluminium, into ephambili kwi-EV yokuvelisa. Olu fikelelo lukulungeleyo kwimathiriyeli ekrwada lunokubanakho ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso ngomda omkhulu.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uphuhliso lwezakhono zokwenza i-EV yase-Indonesia kunokomeleza ukuthunyelwa kwayo kumazwe angaphandle kwingingqi, ukuba uqoqosho lwasebumelwaneni lufumana ukwanda kwemfuno yee-EVs. Urhulumente ujonge ukwenza malunga nama-600,000 ezithuthi zombane ngo-2030.

Ngaphandle kwemveliso kunye nenkuthazo yokuthengisa, i-Indonesia ifuna ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwayo kwimveliso ekrwada ethunyelwa ngaphandle kunye notshintsho olubhekiselele kwixabiso eliphezulu lokuthunyelwa kwempahla ngaphandle. Ngapha koko, i-Indonesia yakuthintela ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-nickel ore ngoJanuwari ka-2020, ngaxeshanye isakha amandla ayo okunyibilikisa izinto ezikrwada, ukuveliswa kwebhetri ye-EV, kunye nemveliso ye-EV.

NgoNovemba ka-2022, i-Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) kunye ne-PT Adaro Minerals Indonesia, Tbk (AMI) yabhala i-Memorandum of Understanding (i-MoU) ejolise ekuqinisekiseni ukubonelela ngokuqhubekayo kwe-aluminiyam ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ekhulayo yokwenziwa kweemoto. Intsebenziswano ijolise ekudaleni inkqubo yentsebenziswano ebanzi malunga nemveliso kunye nonikezelo lwe-aluminium oluququzelelwe yi-AMI, ngokubambisana ne-subsidiary, i-PT Kalimantan Aluminium Industry (KAI).

Njengoko bekutshiwo kushicilelo lwenkampani, iNkampani yeeMoto zakwaHyundai iqalise ukusebenza kwindawo yokuvelisa e-Indonesia kwaye ibandakanyeka ngentsebenziswano ne-Indonesia kwiindawo ezininzi, iliso kwintsebenziswano yexesha elizayo kwishishini leemoto. Oku kubandakanya ukuphonononga utyalo-mali kumaphulo adibeneyo okwenziwa kweeseli zebhetri. Ngaphaya koko, i-aluminiyam eluhlaza yase-Indonesia, ephawulwa kusetyenziso lwekhabhoni ephantsi, ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane ngamanzi, umthombo wamandla ohambelana nokusingqongileyo, ihambelana nomgaqo-nkqubo we-HMC wokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Le aluminium eluhlaza kulindeleke ukuba ihlangabezane nemfuno ekhulayo yehlabathi phakathi kwee-automakers.
Enye injongo ebalulekileyo ziinjongo ezizinzileyo zase-Indonesia. Isicwangciso selizwe se-EV sinegalelo ekusukeleni kwe-Indonesia ekujoliswe kuko ekukhutshweni kwe-net-zero. I-Indonesia isandul 'ukukhawuleza iinjongo zayo zokunciphisa i-emission, ngoku ijolise ekunciphiseni i-32 yepesenti (ukusuka kwi-29 yepesenti) ngo-2030. Iimoto zabagibeli kunye nezorhwebo ze-akhawunti ye-19.2 yeepesenti ze-emissions ezipheleleyo eziveliswa zizithuthi zendlela, kunye nokutshintsha ngokukrakra kwi-EV adoption kunye nokusetyenziswa. kunganciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.

Imisebenzi yezezimayini ayikho kuLuhlu lwase-Indonesia lwamva nje lwe-Positive Investment, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ivulelekile ngokobuchwepheshe ukuya kwi-100 lepesenti yobunini bamanye amazwe.

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba abatyali-zimali bamazwe angaphandle baqaphele uMmiselo kaRhulumente onguNombolo wama-23 ka-2020 kunye noMthetho onguNombolo 4 ka-2009 (ulungisiwe). Le migaqo imisela ukuba iinkampani zemigodi zamazwe angaphandle kufuneka zikhuphe izabelo zazo ezingama-51 ekhulwini kubanini-zabelo base-Indonesia kwiminyaka eli-10 yokuqala yokuqalisa imveliso yorhwebo.

Utyalo-mali lwangaphandle kwi-EV supply chain
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, i-Indonesia itsale utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo lwangaphandle kwishishini layo le-nickel, eligxile ikakhulu kwimveliso yebhetri yombane kunye nophuhliso olunxulumene nokubonelela.

Amagqabantshintshi aqaphelekayo aquka:

IMitsubishi Motors yabele malunga ne-375 yezigidi zeedola zaseMelika ukukhulisa imveliso, kubandakanya nemoto yombane iMinicab-MiEV, ngezicwangciso zokuqalisa imveliso ye-EV ngoDisemba.
I-Neta, i-subsidiary ye-Hozon New Energy Automobile yase-China, iqalise inkqubo yokwamkela ii-odolo ze-Neta V EV kwaye ilungiselela imveliso yasekhaya ngo-2024.
Abavelisi ababini, iWuling Motors kunye neHyundai, bawufudusile omnye umsebenzi wabo wokuvelisa e-Indonesia ukuze bafanelekele ukufumana inkuthazo epheleleyo. Zombini iinkampani zigcina iifektri ngaphandle kweJakarta kwaye zezona ziphambili kwimarike ye-EV yelizwe ngokwentengiso.
Abatyali-zimali baseTshayina babandakanyeka kumanyathelo amabini amakhulu okumba i-nickel kunye nokunyibilikisa abekwe eSulawesi, isiqithi esaziwa ngokuba ngoovimba baso abakhulu be-nickel. Ezi projekthi zidityaniswe namaqumrhu arhweba esidlangalaleni e-Indonesia Morowali Industrial Park kunye ne-Virtue Dragon Nickel Industry.
Ngo-2020, uMphathiswa woTyalo-mali wase-Indonesia kunye ne-LG batyikitye i-US $ 9.8 yebhiliyoni ye-MoU ye-LG Energy Solution ukutyala imali kulo lonke ikhonkco lokubonelela nge-EV.
Ngo-2021, i-LG Energy kunye ne-Hyundai Motor Group yaqalisa ukuphuhliswa kwesityalo sokuqala sebhetri yase-Indonesia ngexabiso lotyalo-mali lwe-US $ 1.1 yebhiliyoni, eyenzelwe ukuba ne-10 GWh umthamo.
Ngowama-2022, iSebe lezoTyalo-mali lase-Indonesia langena kwi-MoU kunye neFoxconn, iGogoro Inc, i-IBC, kunye ne-Indika Energy, equka ukwenziwa kweebhetri, ukuhamba kwe-e, kunye namashishini anxulumeneyo.
Inkampani yemigodi yelizwe lase-Indonesia i-Aneka Tambang ibambisene neQela le-CATL lase-China kwisivumelwano sokwenziwa kwe-EV, ukurisayikilishwa kweebhetri, kunye nokumbiwa kwe-nickel.
I-LG Energy yakha i-US$3.5 yeebhiliyoni zesinyibilikisi kwiphondo elikuMbindi weJava esinamandla okuvelisa iitoni ezili-150,000 zenickel sulfate ngonyaka.
I-Vale Indonesia kunye noZhejiang Huayou Cobalt baye basebenzisana ne-Ford Motor ukuseka isityalo se-hydroxide precipitate (MHP) kwiphondo lase-Southeast Sulawesi, ecetywayo umthamo we-120,000-toni, kunye nesityalo se-MHP sesibini esinomthamo weetoni ezingama-60,000.