Indoneziya Isoko ryo Kugurisha no Gukora

Indoneziya irahatana n'ibihugu nka Tayilande n'Ubuhinde kugira ngo biteze imbere inganda z’imodoka z’amashanyarazi, kandi bitange ubundi buryo bushoboka bw’Ubushinwa, butanga ingufu za EV ku isi. Igihugu cyizera ko kubona ibikoresho fatizo n’ubushobozi bw’inganda bizayemerera kuba isoko ry’ipiganwa ku bakora EV kandi bikayemerera kubaka urwego rutanga isoko. Politiki yo gushyigikira irahari kugirango dushishikarize ishoramari ry'umusaruro kimwe no kugurisha kwa EV.

Isoko ryimbere mu gihugu
Indoneziya irimo gukora cyane kugira ngo igaragaze ko igaragara mu nganda zikoresha amashanyarazi (EV), ifite intego yo kugera kuri miliyoni 2.5 abakoresha ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi bitarenze 2025.

Nyamara, amakuru yisoko yerekana ko impinduka mumico yabaguzi yimodoka bizatwara igihe. Raporo yo muri Kanama yatangajwe na Reuters ivuga ko ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi bigizwe no munsi y’ijana ry’imodoka ku mihanda ya Indoneziya. Umwaka ushize, Indoneziya yanditseho kugurisha amashanyarazi 15.400 gusa no kugurisha moto zigera ku 32.000. Nubwo abakora tagisi bakomeye nka Bluebird batekereza kugura amato ya EV mu masosiyete akomeye nka sosiyete nini y’imodoka yo mu Bushinwa BYD - ibiteganijwe na guverinoma ya Indoneziya bizakenera igihe kinini kugira ngo bibe impamo.

Guhindura buhoro buhoro mubitekerezo, nubwo, bigaragara ko biri gukorwa. Mu burengerazuba bwa Jakarta, umucuruzi w’imodoka PT Prima Wahana Auto Mobil yabonye ko izamuka ry’ibicuruzwa byayo bya EV. Nk’uko byatangajwe n'uhagarariye kugurisha isosiyete avugana na China Daily muri Kamena uyu mwaka, abakiriya bo muri Indoneziya bagura kandi bagakoresha Wuling Air EV nk'imodoka ya kabiri, hamwe n'izisanzwe zisanzwe.

Ubu bwoko bwo gufata ibyemezo bushobora guhuzwa nimpungenge zijyanye nibikorwa remezo bigenda bigaragara kwishyurwa rya EV na nyuma ya serivise zo kugurisha kimwe nurwego rwa EV, bivuga amafaranga ya batiri akenewe kugirango agere iyo yerekeza. Muri rusange, ibiciro bya EV hamwe nimpungenge zijyanye nimbaraga za batiri birashobora kubangamira kwakirwa kwambere.

Icyakora, Indoneziya yifuza ibirenze gushishikariza abaguzi gukoresha imodoka zifite ingufu zisukuye. Igihugu kandi kiraharanira kwihagararaho nk'ihuriro rikomeye mu itangwa rya EV. N'ubundi kandi, Indoneziya ni ryo soko rinini ry’imodoka mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya kandi riza ku mwanya wa kabiri mu bucuruzi bunini muri ako karere, nyuma ya Tayilande.

Mu bice bikurikira, turasesengura ibintu by'ingenzi bitera iyi pivot ya EV hanyuma tuganira ku cyatuma Indoneziya ikundwa cyane n’ishoramari ry’amahanga muri iki gice.

Politiki ya leta n'ingamba zo gushyigikira
Guverinoma ya Joko Widodo yashyize umusaruro wa EV muri gahunda ya ASEAN_Indonesia_Master yihutisha no kwagura iterambere ry’ubukungu bwa Indoneziya 2011-2025 anagaragaza iterambere ry’ibikorwa remezo bya EV muri Narasi-RPJMN-2020-2024-versi-Bahasa-Inggris (Gahunda y’igihe giciriritse 2020-2024).

Muri gahunda ya 2020-24, inganda mu gihugu zizibanda cyane cyane ku bintu bibiri by'ingenzi: (1) umusaruro wo hejuru w’ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi, imiti, n’ibyuma, (2) gukora ibicuruzwa byongera agaciro no guhangana. Ibicuruzwa bikubiyemo imirenge itandukanye, harimo n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda rizashyigikirwa no guhuza politiki hirya no hino mu mashuri abanza, ayisumbuye, na kaminuza.
Muri Kanama uyu mwaka, Indoneziya yatangaje ko yongerewe imyaka ibiri ku bakora ibinyabiziga kugira ngo babone ibyangombwa bisabwa kugira ngo bashishikarize ibinyabiziga amashanyarazi. Hamwe n’amabwiriza mashya y’ishoramari yoroheje, abakora ibinyabiziga barashobora kwizeza ko nibura 40% by’ibikoresho bya EV muri Indoneziya bitarenze 2026 kugira ngo bemererwe gutera inkunga. Imihigo ikomeye y’ishoramari yamaze gukorwa n’Ubushinwa Neta EV hamwe n’Ubuyapani Mitsubishi Motors. Hagati aho, PT Hyundai Motors Indoneziya yazanye EV yambere yakozwe mu gihugu imbere muri Mata 2022.

Mbere, Indoneziya yari yatangaje ko ishaka kugabanya imisoro yatumijwe mu mahanga ikava kuri 50 ku ijana ikagera kuri zeru ku bakora inganda za EV batekereza ishoramari muri iki gihugu.

Muri 2019, guverinoma ya Indoneziya yari yashyizeho ingamba nyinshi zo kwibasira abakora ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi, ibigo bitwara abantu, n'abaguzi. Izi nkunga zirimo ibiciro byagabanijwe ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga ku mashini n’ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu musaruro wa EV kandi bitanga inyungu z’ikiruhuko cy’imisoro mu gihe kitarenze imyaka 10 ku bakora inganda za EV bashora byibuze tiriyari 5 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda (ahwanye na miliyoni 346 US $) mu gihugu.

Guverinoma ya Indoneziya nayo yagabanije cyane umusoro ku nyongeragaciro kuri EV kuva kuri 11 ku ijana ugera ku ijana gusa. Uku kwimuka kwatumye igabanuka ryibiciro byintangiriro ya Hyundai Ioniq 5 ihendutse cyane, igabanuka kuva hejuru ya $ 51.000 kugeza munsi ya $ 45,000. Ibi biracyari urwego rwo hejuru kubakoresha imodoka yo muri Indoneziya; imodoka ihenze cyane ikoreshwa na lisansi muri Indoneziya, Daihatsu Ayla, itangirira munsi ya $ 9,000.

Gukura kwiterambere kubikorwa bya EV
Umushoferi wibanze inyuma yo gusunika ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi ni ikigega kinini cyo muri Indoneziya cyibikoresho fatizo.

Igihugu nicyo gihugu kiza ku isonga mu gukora nikel, ikintu gikomeye mu gukora bateri za lithium-ion, zikaba ari zo ziganje mu bikoresho bya batiri ya EV. Indoneziya ya nikel ihwanye na 22-24 ku ijana by'isi yose. Byongeye kandi, igihugu gifite uburyo bwa cobalt, bwongerera igihe cya bateri ya EV, na bauxite, ikoreshwa mu musaruro wa aluminium, ikintu cyingenzi mu gukora EV. Uku kubona ibikoresho byibanze birashobora kugabanya ibiciro byumusaruro ku ntera nini.

Igihe kigeze, iterambere ry’ubushobozi bwa EV bwo muri Indoneziya rishobora gushimangira ibyoherezwa mu karere, mu gihe ubukungu bw’abaturanyi bwiyongereye ku cyifuzo cya EV. Guverinoma ifite intego yo gukora imodoka zigera ku 600.000 mu 2030.

Usibye gushimangira umusaruro no kugurisha, Indoneziya irashaka kugabanya gushingira ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga no kwerekeza ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byongerewe agaciro. Mubyukuri, Indoneziya yabujije kohereza amabuye y'agaciro ya nikel muri Mutarama 2020, yongera ubushobozi bwayo bwo gushonga ibikoresho fatizo, gukora batiri ya EV, no gukora EV.

Mu Gushyingo 2022, Isosiyete ikora ibinyabiziga bya Hyundai (HMC) na PT Adaro Minerals Indoneziya, Tbk (AMI) yashyizeho umukono ku masezerano y’ubwumvikane (MoU) agamije kwemeza itangwa rya aluminiyumu kugira ngo ishobore gukenerwa mu gukora imodoka. Ubwo bufatanye bugamije gushyiraho uburyo bunoze bwa koperative bujyanye n’umusaruro n’itangwa rya aluminium byoroherezwa na AMI, ifatanije n’ishami ryayo, PT Kalimantan Aluminium Inganda (KAI).

Nkuko byavuzwe mu itangazo ry’isosiyete, Isosiyete ikora ibinyabiziga ya Hyundai yatangije ibikorwa mu ruganda rukora inganda muri Indoneziya kandi ikorana umwete ku bufatanye na Indoneziya mu bihugu byinshi, hitawe ku mikoranire izaza mu nganda z’imodoka. Ibi birimo gushakisha ishoramari mumishinga ihuriweho nogukora selile. Byongeye kandi, aluminiyumu y’icyatsi kibisi ya Indoneziya, irangwa no gukoresha karuboni nkeya, amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi, isoko y’ingufu zangiza ibidukikije, ihuza na politiki ya HMC idafite aho ibogamiye. Iyi aluminiyumu y'icyatsi iteganijwe kuzuza ibisabwa ku isi hose mu bakora imodoka.
Indi ntego y'ingenzi ni intego zo kuramba muri Indoneziya. Ingamba za EV muri iki gihugu zigira uruhare muri Indoneziya mu gukurikirana intego z’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Indoneziya iherutse kwihutisha intego zayo zo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ubu igamije kugabanya 32% (bivuye kuri 29%) mu 2030. Abagenzi n’ibinyabiziga by’ubucuruzi bingana na 19.2 ku ijana by’ibyuka bihumanya byose bituruka ku binyabiziga byo mu muhanda, ndetse no guhindura uburyo bwo kwifashisha no gukoresha EV byagabanya cyane ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.

Ibikorwa by'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ntibiboneka cyane muri Indoneziya iheruka gushora imari, bivuze ko byafunguwe ku buryo 100% by’abanyamahanga.

Icyakora, ni ngombwa ko abashoramari b'abanyamahanga bamenya Amabwiriza ya Leta No 23 yo muri 2020 n'Itegeko No 4 ryo mu 2009 (ryahinduwe). Aya mabwiriza ateganya ko amasosiyete y’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’amahanga agomba kugenda buhoro buhoro agabanya byibuze 51% by’imigabane yabo ku banyamigabane ba Indoneziya mu myaka 10 ya mbere yo gutangiza umusaruro w’ubucuruzi.

Ishoramari ryo mumahanga murwego rwo gutanga isoko
Mu myaka mike ishize, Indoneziya yakuruye ishoramari rikomeye ry’amahanga mu nganda zayo za nikel, yibanda cyane cyane ku gukora amashanyarazi ya batiri no guteza imbere amasoko.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byagaragaye harimo:

Mitsubishi Motors yatanze amafaranga agera kuri miliyoni 375 US $ yo kwagura umusaruro, harimo n’imodoka y’amashanyarazi ya Minicab-MiEV, ifite gahunda yo gutangira umusaruro wa EV mu Kuboza.
Neta, ishami rya Hozon New Energy Automobile yo mu Bushinwa, yatangiye inzira yo kwakira ibicuruzwa bya Neta V EV kandi yitegura kubyazwa umusaruro mu 2024.
Abakora inganda ebyiri, Wuling Motors na Hyundai, bimuye bimwe mu bikorwa byabo byo kubyaza umusaruro muri Indoneziya kugira ngo babone ibyifuzo byuzuye. Ibigo byombi bikomeza inganda hanze ya Jakarta kandi nizo ziza ku isonga mu isoko rya EV mu gihugu mu bijyanye no kugurisha.
Abashoramari b'Abashinwa bakora ibikorwa bibiri bikomeye byo gucukura nikel no gushonga biherereye i Sulawesi, ikirwa kizwiho kubika nikel nini. Iyi mishinga ihujwe n’ibigo bigurishwa ku mugaragaro muri Indoneziya Morowali Park Park na Virtue Dragon Nickel Inganda.
Muri 2020, Minisiteri y’ishoramari muri Indoneziya na LG basinyanye amasezerano y’amadorari miliyoni 9.8 y’amadolari y’Amerika kugira ngo LG Energy Solution ishore imari mu isoko rya EV.
Mu 2021, LG Energy na Hyundai Motor Group batangiye guteza imbere uruganda rukora amashanyarazi rwa mbere muri Indoneziya rufite agaciro ka miliyari 1.1 US $, rwagenewe kugira ubushobozi bwa GWh 10.
Mu 2022, Minisiteri y’ishoramari muri Indoneziya yagiranye amasezerano na Foxconn, Gogoro Inc, IBC, na Indika Energy, ikubiyemo gukora bateri, e-mobile, n’inganda zijyanye nayo.
Isosiyete icukura amabuye y'agaciro ya Leta ya Indoneziya, Aneka Tambang, yafatanije n’Ubushinwa CATL mu masezerano yo gukora EV, gutunganya bateri, no gucukura nikel.
LG Energy irimo kubaka miliyari 3.5 z'amadorali y'Abanyamerika mu ntara ya Java yo hagati ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora toni 150.000 za nikel sulfate buri mwaka.
Vale Indoneziya na Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt bafatanyije na Ford Motor gushinga uruganda rw’imvura ya hydroxide (MHP) mu ntara y’amajyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Sulawesi, ruteganijwe kuzaba rufite toni 120.000, hamwe n’uruganda rwa kabiri rwa MHP rufite toni 60.000.