Chiyembekezo cha Msika waku Indonesia pa Kugulitsa ndi Kupanga kwa EV

Indonesia ikuchita mpikisano ndi mayiko ngati Thailand ndi India kuti akhazikitse makampani ake oyendetsa magalimoto amagetsi, ndikupereka njira ina yabwino kuposa China, wopanga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa EV. Dzikoli likuyembekeza kuti mwayi wake wopeza zinthu zopangira komanso mphamvu zamafakitale upangitsa kuti ikhale maziko ampikisano kwa opanga ma EV ndikulola kuti ipange njira zoperekera zinthu zakomweko. Ndondomeko zothandizira zilipo kuti zilimbikitse mabizinesi opanga komanso kugulitsa ma EV am'deralo.

Mawonekedwe a msika wapakhomo
Indonesia ikugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti ikhazikitse kukhalapo kochititsa chidwi mkati mwa mafakitale a galimoto yamagetsi (EV), ndi cholinga chofikira ogwiritsa ntchito magalimoto amagetsi okwana 2.5 miliyoni pofika 2025.

Komabe, kuchuluka kwa msika kukuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwa machitidwe ogula magalimoto kumatenga nthawi. Magalimoto amagetsi ndi ochepera pa gawo limodzi mwa magawo 100 aliwonse a magalimoto omwe ali m'misewu ya ku Indonesia, malinga ndi lipoti la Ogasiti lochokera ku Reuters. Chaka chatha, Indonesia idangogulitsa magalimoto amagetsi okwana 15,400 komanso malonda pafupifupi 32,000 a njinga zamoto zamagetsi. Ngakhale oyendetsa ma taxi odziwika ngati Bluebird amaganizira zopeza ma EV zombo kuchokera kumakampani akuluakulu monga chimphona cha magalimoto aku China BYD - zomwe boma la Indonesia likufuna zidzafunika nthawi yochulukirapo kuti zitheke.

Komabe, zikuoneka kuti zikusintha pang'onopang'ono. Ku West Jakarta, wogulitsa magalimoto a PT Prima Wahana Auto Mobil awona kukwera kwa malonda ake a EV. Malinga ndi woimira kampani yogulitsa malonda akulankhula ndi China Daily mu June chaka chino, makasitomala aku Indonesia akugula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Wuling Air EV ngati galimoto yachiwiri, pamodzi ndi omwe alipo kale.

Kupanga zisankho kotereku kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi nkhawa zomwe zikukulirakulirakulirakulira kwa ma EV komanso pambuyo pa ntchito zogulitsa komanso mtundu wa EV, womwe umatanthawuza mtengo wa batri womwe ukufunika kuti ufike komwe ukupita. Ponseponse, mtengo wa EV ndi nkhawa zozungulira mphamvu ya batri zitha kulepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa koyamba.

Komabe, zilakolako za dziko la Indonesia zikupitilira kulimbikitsa ogula kutengera magalimoto amagetsi oyera. Dzikoli likuyesetsanso kudziyika ngati malo ofunikira kwambiri pamakampani ogulitsa ma EV. Kupatula apo, Indonesia ndiye msika waukulu kwambiri wamagalimoto ku Southeast Asia ndipo ili ngati yachiwiri pazikulu zopanga zinthu m'derali, kutsatira Thailand.

M'magawo otsatirawa, tiwona zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zikuyendetsa EV pivot ndikukambirana zomwe zimapangitsa Indonesia kukhala malo okonda ndalama zakunja mu gawoli.

Ndondomeko za boma ndi njira zothandizira
Boma la Joko Widodo laphatikiza kupanga ma EV mu ASEAN_Indonesia_Master Plan Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development 2011-2025 ndikufotokozera za chitukuko cha zomangamanga za EV mu Narasi-RPJMN-2020-2024-versi-Bahasa-Inggris (National Medium-Term Plan-Term 2020-2024).

Pansi pa Mapulani a 2020-24, chitukuko cha mafakitale mdziko muno chidzayang'ana kwambiri mbali ziwiri zofunika: (1) kupanga zinthu zaulimi, mankhwala, ndi zitsulo kumtunda, ndi (2) kupanga zinthu zomwe zimakulitsa mtengo ndi mpikisano. Zogulitsazi zikuphatikiza magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza magalimoto amagetsi. Kukwaniritsidwa kwa ndondomekoyi kudzathandizidwa ndi kugwirizanitsa ndondomeko m'magawo onse a pulayimale, sekondale, ndi maphunziro apamwamba.
Mu Ogasiti chaka chino, Indonesia idalengeza kuwonjezereka kwazaka ziwiri kwa opanga ma automaker kuti akwaniritse zofunikira pakuwongolera magalimoto amagetsi. Ndi malamulo omwe angoyambitsidwa kumene, ochepetsera ndalama, opanga ma automaker atha kulonjeza kuti apanga magawo 40% a EV ku Indonesia pofika 2026 kuti akhale oyenerera kulandira zolimbikitsa. Kudzipereka kwakukulu kwa ndalama kwapangidwa kale ndi mtundu wa Neta EV waku China komanso Mitsubishi Motors yaku Japan. Pakadali pano, PT Hyundai Motors Indonesia idayambitsa EV yake yoyamba yopangidwa mdziko muno mu Epulo 2022.

M'mbuyomu, dziko la Indonesia lidalengeza kuti lichepetsa ndalama zolipirira kuchokera pa 50 peresenti kufika pa zero kwa opanga ma EV omwe akuganizira zabizinesi mdziko muno.

M'chaka cha 2019, boma la Indonesia lidatulutsa zolimbikitsa zambiri zomwe zimayang'ana opanga magalimoto amagetsi, makampani oyendetsa magalimoto, ndi ogula. Zolimbikitsazi zikuphatikizapo kutsika kwa mitengo yamtengo wapatali pamakina ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma EV ndipo zidapereka mapindu amisonkho kwa zaka 10 kwa opanga ma EV omwe amaika ndalama zosachepera 5 thililiyoni rupiah (zofanana ndi US $ 346 miliyoni) mdziko muno.

Boma la Indonesia lachepetsanso kwambiri msonkho wamtengo wapatali wa EVs kuchoka pa 11 peresenti kufika pa 1 peresenti yokha. Kusunthaku kwapangitsa kuti mtengo woyambira wa Hyundai Ioniq 5 ukhale wotsika kwambiri, kutsika kuchoka pa US$51,000 kufika pansi pa US$45,000. Izi akadali umafunika osiyanasiyana kwa pafupifupi Indonesian galimoto wosuta; Galimoto yotsika mtengo kwambiri ya petulo ku Indonesia, Daihatsu Ayla, imayambira pansi pa US $ 9,000.

Madalaivala a kukula kwa EV kupanga
Dalaivala wamkulu yemwe amayendetsa galimoto yopangira magetsi ndi ku Indonesia komwe kuli nkhokwe zambiri zapanyumba.

Dzikoli ndilomwe likutsogolera padziko lonse lapansi kupanga faifi tambala, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga mabatire a lithiamu-ion, omwe ndi omwe amasankhidwa kwambiri pamapaketi a batri a EV. Nickel reserves ku Indonesia ndi pafupifupi 22-24 peresenti ya dziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, dzikolo limatha kupeza cobalt, yomwe imakulitsa moyo wa mabatire a EV, ndi bauxite, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga aluminiyamu, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga kwa EV. Kupezeka kokonzeka kumeneku kwa zinthu zopangira kungathe kuchepetsa mtengo wopangira ndi ndalama zambiri.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, kutukuka kwa luso lopanga ma EV ku Indonesia kungalimbikitse kutumizira kunja kwa madera, ngati mayiko oyandikana nawo atakhala ndi kufunikira kwa ma EV. Boma likufuna kupanga magalimoto amagetsi pafupifupi 600,000 pofika 2030.

Kupatula zolimbikitsira kupanga ndi kugulitsa, Indonesia ikufuna kuchepetsa kudalira kwake pazinthu zogulitsa kunja ndikusintha kupita ku katundu wowonjezera wamtengo wapatali. M'malo mwake, Indonesia idaletsa kutumizidwa kunja kwa nickel ore mu Januware 2020, kukulitsa mphamvu zake zosungunula zinthu zopangira, kupanga batire la EV, ndi kupanga EV.

Mu Novembala 2022, Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) ndi PT Adaro Minerals Indonesia, Tbk (AMI) adalemba Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) yomwe cholinga chake chinali kuwonetsetsa kuti aluminiyamu imapezeka nthawi zonse kuti ikwaniritse kufunikira kwakukula kwa magalimoto. Mgwirizanowu cholinga chake ndi kupanga njira zogwirira ntchito zokhudzana ndi kupanga ndi kupereka aluminiyamu motsogozedwa ndi AMI, molumikizana ndi nthambi yake, PT Kalimantan Aluminium Industry (KAI).

Monga tafotokozera m'nkhani yamakampani, Hyundai Motor Company yayamba kugwira ntchito pamalo opangira zinthu ku Indonesia ndipo ikugwira ntchito limodzi ndi Indonesia m'magawo angapo, ndikuyang'ana mgwirizano wam'tsogolo mumakampani amagalimoto. Izi zikuphatikizanso kuwunika mabizinesi ogwirizana popanga ma cell cell. Kupitilira apo, aluminiyamu yobiriwira yaku Indonesia, yomwe imadziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zotsika kwambiri, zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, zomwe zimateteza chilengedwe, zimagwirizana ndi mfundo za HMC zosagwirizana ndi kaboni. Aluminiyumu wobiriwirayu akuyembekezeredwa kuti akwaniritse kufunikira kwapadziko lonse lapansi pakati pa opanga ma automaker.
Cholinga china chofunikira ndi zolinga zokhazikika za Indonesia. Dongosolo la EV la dzikolo limathandizira kuti dziko la Indonesia likwaniritse zolinga zomwe zimatulutsa mpweya wopanda ziro. Indonesia posachedwapa inalimbikitsa zolinga zake zochepetsera utsi, zomwe tsopano zikufuna kuchepetsa 32 peresenti (kuchokera pa 29 peresenti) pofika chaka cha 2030. Magalimoto okwera ndi amalonda amawerengera 19.2 peresenti ya mpweya wonse wopangidwa ndi magalimoto apamsewu, ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa EV kutengera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. zingachepetse kwambiri utsi wonse.

Ntchito za migodi sizikupezeka pa List of Positive Investment List waposachedwa kwambiri ku Indonesia, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ali otsegukira 100 peresenti kukhala eni ake akunja.

Komabe, ndikofunikira kuti osunga ndalama akunja adziwe Lamulo la Boma No. 23 la 2020 ndi Lamulo nambala 4 la 2009 (losinthidwa). Malamulowa akusonyeza kuti makampani amigodi akunja akuyenera kusiya pang'onopang'ono magawo 51 peresenti ya magawo awo kwa omwe ali ndi masheya aku Indonesia m'zaka 10 zoyambirira zoyambira kupanga malonda.

Ndalama zakunja mu EV supply chain
M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, dziko la Indonesia lakopa ndalama zambiri zakunja m'makampani ake a faifi tambala, zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri kupanga mabatire amagetsi ndi zochitika zina zokhudzana ndi kapezedwe kazinthu.

Zowoneka bwino ndi izi:

Mitsubishi Motors yapereka pafupifupi US $ 375 miliyoni kuti ikulitse kupanga, kuphatikiza galimoto yamagetsi ya Minicab-MiEV, ndi mapulani oti ayambe kupanga EV mu Disembala.
Neta, wothandizana ndi Hozon New Energy Automobile yaku China, ayambitsa njira yovomera maoda a Neta V EV ndipo akukonzekera kupangidwa kwanuko mu 2024.
Opanga awiri, Wuling Motors ndi Hyundai, asamutsira zina mwazopanga zawo kupita ku Indonesia kuti ayenerere kulandira chilimbikitso chonse. Makampani onsewa amasamalira mafakitale kunja kwa Jakarta ndipo ndi omwe amapikisana nawo pamsika wa EV mdziko muno pankhani yamalonda.
Otsatsa malonda aku China akugwira ntchito ziwiri zazikulu zamigodi ya nickel ndi kusungunula zomwe zili ku Sulawesi, chilumba chomwe chimadziwika ndi nkhokwe zake zazikulu za nickel. Mapulojekitiwa alumikizidwa ndi mabungwe omwe amagulitsidwa ku Indonesia Morowali Industrial Park ndi Virtue Dragon Nickel Viwanda.
Mu 2020, Unduna wa Zachuma ku Indonesia ndi LG adasaina mgwirizano wa US $ 9.8 biliyoni kuti LG Energy Solution iwononge ndalama zonse za EV.
Mu 2021, LG Energy ndi Hyundai Motor Group idayamba kupanga malo oyamba opangira batire ku Indonesia ndi ndalama zokwana US $ 1.1 biliyoni, yopangidwa kuti ikhale ndi 10 GWh.
Mu 2022, Unduna wa Zachuma ku Indonesia udachita mgwirizano ndi Foxconn, Gogoro Inc, IBC, ndi Indika Energy, wokhudza kupanga mabatire, ma e-mobility, ndi mafakitale ena.
Kampani ya migodi ya boma yaku Indonesia ya Aneka Tambang yagwirizana ndi CATL Group yaku China mumgwirizano wopanga ma EV, kubwezeretsanso mabatire, ndi migodi ya faifi tambala.
LG Energy ikupanga smelter ya US $ 3.5 biliyoni m'chigawo chapakati cha Java ndi mphamvu yotulutsa matani 150,000 a nickel sulfate pachaka.
Vale Indonesia ndi Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt agwirizana ndi Ford Motor kuti akhazikitse chomera cha hydroxide precipitate (MHP) m'chigawo cha Southeast Sulawesi, chokonzekera mphamvu ya matani 120,000, pamodzi ndi chomera chachiwiri cha MHP chokhala ndi mphamvu ya matani 60,000.